ASPECTS  OF  CHILD  LIFE  IN  EARLY  CLASSICAL  LITERATURE 

BY 

MARGARET  MORRISON  BRAYTON 
Ph,  B.  University  of  Chicago,  1920 


THESIS 

Submitted  in  Partial  Fulfillment  of  the  Requirements  for  the 


Degree  of 

MASTER  OF  ARTS 
IN  CLASSICS 

IN 

THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


1921 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/aspectsofchildliOObray 


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TABLF  OF  CONTENT? 


Introduction 

Homer;  The  Iliad  and  The  Oayssey 
The  Homeric  Kymne  and  Homerica 
Hesiod 

Pindar  and  Bacchylides 

Aeschylus 

Sophocles 

Euripides 

Bibliography 


1 

7 


19 


-4:2 

50 

59 

68 

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1 


CHAPTT^P  I 


INTRODUCE  I nyr 

There  seerrs  to  be  a wi,;e-epread  belief  that 
children  in  the  period  of  classical  antiquity  were 
not  only  apt  to  be  neglected, but'  often  positively  abused, 
that  this  attitude  r re vailed  down  to  the  introauc- 
tion  of  Christianity  with  its  conception  oi  the 
Christ-child,  anu.  that  it  was  not  until  the  nine- 
teenth century  which  has  been  called  frequently^* 

"The  Century  of  the  Child"  that  childhood  began  to 
assume  its  prop'er  importance  in  the  social  orcier. 

T-Ve  find  that  in  such  fielus  as  art,  literature,  soc- 
iology, ethics,  and  philosophy,  writers  are  prone 
to  believe  that  the  origin  end  develoiirent  of  due 
respect  for  childhood  have  .sen  the  outgrowth  of 
Christianity  upon  the  world. 

That  early  Creek  'art  was  not  concerned  with  the 
details  necessary  for  a realistic  delineation  of  chil- 
dren is  evident  frerr.  the  monumeiats  therr.selves,  and 
has  often  been  observed  by  writers  in  that  lield. 

For  example.  Professor  Percy  Garuner  says, '"In  the 
fifth  century  ihe  forms  of  men  and  women  are  aa- 

1. -Baldwin,  F.C.:  Wordsworth  and  Kermes  Trism;agi  s tUs  . 

Mou.  Lang.  Asa.,  1918,  XXklll,  3, S3 5. 

Green,  John  A:  Inter.  Ctudy  of  Child  Welfare. 

The  Child.  Vol.l,  Oct.  1910,  p .T- • 

Fngel,  Camuel:  Elements  of  Child  Protection. 

Tra.ns . from:  the  Cerrr.an  by  Br.  Eden  Paul,  p.V. 
S.-ISardner,  Percy:  Principles  of  Greek  Art,  p.l34. 


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rr.iraoly  given,  but  tiie  13001163  cl'  children  are  rjcor- 
ly  rendered.  They  ayre?.r  in  lar  too  ueveloi  ev.-  I'orrr., 
evS  little  men  and  women;  ana  although  doubtless  in 
the  climate  of  Greece,  the  bodily  forms  ri]fen  ear- 
lier, this  is  an  exaggeration."  Kekule  vcn  '-‘'trad- 
cnitz  states  that  same  idea  in  the  negative  wnen  ne 
writes^"  "Greek  art  arrived  very  late  at  special  re- 
presentation of  children  and  at  intimiats  scenes  in 
whic'h  children  assumed  an  important  and  independent 
r51e."  Another  writer  on  Greek  art  exp^resses  the 

ccmimon  view  upon  the  Greek  attitude  toward  children 

2 

in  this  period  when  he  says,*  "The  helplessness  of 

infancy,  though  it  had  always  been  unaer  the  special 

protection  of  Hermiss'  Kourotrophos,  was  the  object  of 

pity  rather  than  of  interest  or  of  love." 

The  theory  tnat  belief  in  the  sacredness  of 

children  came  to  ^Vordsworth  not  through  the  classics 

but  from:  Hermetic  literature,  the  books  of  which  . ere 

attributed  to  the  legen  .ary  Hcrvrtian  god  'i'hoth,  finas 

expression  in  the  3teten':ent  of  Professor  h.G.  Eald- 
ti^the  £-ffecf  fha-t 

w'in, "-fhe  first  Poman  laws  to  safeguara  children  were 
pa.ssed  by  Con.s  tant  ine,  315  P' .1) . at  the  instigation  of 
the  rhetorician  Lactant ius^ who  was  an  adimirer  and  stu- 

l.-Kekule  vcn  Gtradonitz;  die  Griechiscbe  Skulptur,  p.ESh. 
P. -Smith,  S.G.  Kaines:  Greek  Art  anu.  Rational  Life,  p.LSS. 
3. -Paid ' in,  Faward  Ghauncy:  Wor^j-sworth  anu.  Kern:es 
Trishffgistus,^.  .2W12.. 


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dent  of  the  Herrnetical  books,  judging  from  the  t'.venty- 
five  references  made  to  them  in  his  Divine  Institutes 
which  was  the  uecisive  fa,ctor  in  influencing  Constan- 
tine to  make  these  laws". 

Those  sociological  workers  who  to-day  are  con- 
cerned with  child  welfare  are  prone  to  believe  them- 
selves pioneers  in  this  phase  oi  service  to  society. 
Florence  Davenport  Hill  writes  "One  of  the  m.ost  strik- 
ing ana  significant  contrasts  between  ancient  ana  moa- 
ern  thought  is  the  difference  of  attituae  toward  the 

past  and.  future  which  characterizes  these  periods 

Nowhere  is  its  effect  more  apparent  than  in  the  treat- 
ment of  children The  work  of  faith  is  now  no  longer 

to  glorify  the  past;  it  is  the  m.ore  laborious  but  cheer 
ful  task  to  benefit  the  present  and  take  an  enlightened 
care  oi  the  future.  These  nobler  aspirations  receivea 
a fresh  and  lasting  impulse  when  Christ  took  the  little 
ones  under  his  sheltering  care  and  began  a new  era  for 
child  life.  Christianity  h-s  inspired  the  recognition 
of  the  rights  of  children  which  they  them)selves  are  too 
hopeless  to  enforce;  it  has  quickened  the  sense  of  re- 
sp'onsibili ty  in  parents  while  it  m.akes  all  willing  to 
sacrifice  time  and  thought  for  the  young."'*"  Efforts 
to  defend  exposure  oi  infants  to  die  on  mountain-siaes 

i.-Hill,  Florence  Davenport;  Children  of  the  State. 

2nd  ed  by  Fanny  k'owke,  pp.lf. 


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4 


bn  econoiDic  grounds  aire  made  by  such  s \7riter  as  Aristotle 
whose  view  was  that  ^i^here  there  were  too  many  citizens, 

for  in  his  ideal  state  population  was.  limited, the  babe 

1 

or  unborn  child  was  to  be  destroyed.  But  it  is  claimed 

that  Roman  parents  during  the  empire  followed  this  prac- 

2 

tise  to  avoid  responsibility,  and  that  v/hen  any  abandoned 

children  were  rescued  the  "purpose  for  which  they  were 

rescued  was  purely  selfish.  Under  the  Roman  Law, they 
5 

were  slaves  . . 

The  attitude  of  the  Stoic  philosophers  was  the 
prevailing  one  of  that  period  but  theii  position  has 
been  severely  criticized .Benner  observes  ,"To  the  Stoics 
the  true  nature  of  the  child  was  closed  and  it  was  reserved 
for  Christianity  to.-recognize  and  appreciate  the  divine 
in  child  nature  The  Ctoics  saw  the  child  as  an  un- 

developed hum^an  being  and  offered  the  child  as  an  example 

4 

of  negative  attributes."  But  a more  detailed  exposition 
of  thif  point  of  view  was  made  by  William  Lechy  when  he 
v/rote,"  To  the  Ragans  even  when  condemning  abortion  snd 
infanticide , these  crimics  appeared  comparatively  trivial 
because  the  victims  seemed  very  insignificant  and  their 
suffering  slight.  The  death  of  an  adult  man  who  is  struck 
down  in  the  

1. -  Aristotle:  Jrolitics  11  6,10  ff.  and  IV  fVll)l6,19  ff. 

Uewmian;  The  Politics  of  Aristotle  1 186  f f . 

2. -  Bincyclopaedia  Britannica:  Infanticide  ,V, 861 . 

3. -  riingerlsnd:  Child-Placing  in  families, p.  28. 

4. -  Renner ,E;  Las  Kind:  Kin  Grleichnismitt el  bei  Spiktet, 

p.  60  ff. 


5 


rr.idst  of  his  enterprise  ana  hop-ea,who  is  united  by 
ties  of  love  or  frienuship  to  the  multituaes  arounu 
hirr.  ana  whose  aei  arture  causes  a perturbation  and 
pang  to  the  society  in  which  he  h'.s  nicved,  excites 
feelings  very  different  froa  any  proauced  by  the 
painless  extinction  of  a newborn  iniant,  which  hav- 
ing scarcely  touched  the  earth,  has  known  none  of  its 
cares  and  little  of  its  love,  i^ut  to  the  theologian 
this  infant  life  possessed  a fearful  significance. 

The  moment,  they  te,ught,  the  foetus  in  the  womb  ac- 
quired animation,  it  became  an  immortal  bein<’-'\  ues- 
tinea  even  if  it  died,  to  be  raised  again  on  the  last 
day,  responsible  for  the  sin  of  Aaam,  and  doomed  if  it 
perished  without  baptismi,  to  be  excluded  forever  from 
heaven  ana  to  be  cas't,  as  the  Greeks  taught,  into  a 
rainless  and  joyless  limro  or,  as  the  Latins  taught 
into  the  abyss  of  hell.  It  is  probably  in  a consid- 
erable degree  to  this  doctrine  that  we  owe  in  the  first 
instance  the  healthy  sense  of  vo.lue  and  sanctity  of 
infant  life  which  so  broadly  dist ingi’i shea  Christian 
1 rom  Pagan  societies  and  which  is  now  so  thoroughly 
incorporated  with  cur  m;oral  feelings  to  be  independent 
of  all  doctrinal  changes."^* 

Ok 

Since  there  seen.s  to  be  very  general  belief 
l.-Lecky  ■'’’’illiam:  History  of  European  I/'orals  lI,p.S4f. 


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6 


by  writers  in  various  fields  that  the  civilization  of 
the  classical  world  has  had  no  share  in  arcusing  in 
us  concern  for  one  of  the  raramount  interests  of  so- 
ciety throughout  the  world  to-day,  it  is  the  purpose 
of  this  study  by  investigating  the  reirains  of  early 
literature  of  Greece^  ^ to  try  to  detern.ine  to 

what  extent  this  view  is  well  founded. 


V 


7 


CH.APTFP  II 
KOM^^R 

The  referencea  to  children  made  by  Homer  in  the 
Iliad  and  the  Odyssey  seem  to  f3.ll  naturally  into  three 
categories:  those  which  deal  with  children  in  regard  to 
their  place  and  relationships  in  fam-ily  life;  these 
which  suggest  certain  :^ualities  of  children;  those  which 
indicate  the  mutual  attitudes  of  adults  ano.  children, 
particularly  parents. 

Those  passages  v;hich  deal  with  children  in  regard 
tc  their  lace  and  relationships  in  family  life  cover 
the  period  of  infancy,  one  or  two  aspects  of  life  in  the 
home,  and  the  parts  childj.'’en  played  in  merry-making. 

The  picture  of  the  child  in  the  mother's  arms  a.ppjearB 

in  the  description  cf  the  departure  of  Odysseus:  "Verily 

the 

we  left  her  a bride  new  wed  when  we  went  to.  war,  ana.  a 
child  was  at  her  breast"} 'or  again  when  Hector  takes  leave 
of  Andromache,  "So  spake  he_,  and  laid  his  son  in  his  uear 
wife's  arms;  and  she  took  him.  tc  her  fragrant  bosom:,  smil- 
ing tearfully"^*  Sometimes  a nurse  has  charge  of  a child 
as  in  this  oam^e  description  when  Androm.ache  goes  to  the 
city  gates  to  mieet  Hector,  "So  she  met  him:  now^  ana  with 
her  went  her  handmaid,  bearing  in  her  bosom  the  tenaer 

1 .-0v.iy63ey?^I,  v.  448-9.  All  quotations  fromi  the  Odyssep'' 

are  from  a translation  by  Butcher  and  La.ng,  Lonacn,  19CC  . 
?.  .-IliadVI,  V.4S3-4.  All  quotations  .from  the  Iliaa  are 

from,  a translation  by  Lead',  Lang,  and  Myer,  London,  ISOC . 


,'.  . 4-  ■-■  - ’•  ' T|  ff  .«• 

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8 


boy,  the  little  child,  Hector's  lovea  son,  like  unto 

heauiiful  , 

avatar,"  ‘or  in  regard  to  this  same  boy,  "then  in  bed 
in  his  nurse's  arms  he  would  slumber,  soltly  nestled, 
having  satisiied  his  heart  with  good  things",  ana 
when  he  saw  his  father  in  arrr:s,  "the  child  shrunk  cry 
ing  to  the  bosom;  of  his  fair-girdled  nurse,  dism.ayed 

at  his  dear  father's  asyeot Odysseus'  nurse 

Eurycleia  was  important  in  his  life  and  hcusehola,  for 
"of  all  the  women  of  the  household  ehe  loved  him  most, 
and  she  had  nursea  him.  when  a little  one,  "4*  while  Pen- 
elope recommends  her  as"a  wom;an  of  understanding  heart, 
that  diligently  nursed  that  hapless  man,  my  lord,  and 
cherished  him  and  took  him;  in  her  aims,  in  the  hour  when 
his  mother  bare  him.;  " again  in  the  -story  of  the  naiming 
of  Odysseus,  Eurycleia  gives  the  baby  to  the  fond  grand- 
father, asking  him.  to  nam.e  the  boy.  Telemachus  ap'pears 
to  have  haa  a man-servant  to  care  for  him.,  too,  since  in 
the  fight  with  .the  wooers,  he  .says  to  Odysseus:  "let  us 
save  also  the  henchman  .:fedon_,that  ever  had  charge  of  me 
in  our  house  when  I wae  a child.  Hcvi^ever,  that  the 

nurse  did  not  assume  complete  Cc^re  of  the  child  ia  evi- 
dent in  the  lines,  "She  turned  it  just  o.side  from,  the 
fle.sh,  even  a mother  drive th  .a  fly  from:  her  child 

1.  -Iliad  VI,  V. 397-400. 

2.  -Iliad  XXII, V. 501- 503. 

3. — Iliad  VI , V . 407— 468 . 

4. -0dy3seyI,  v.  43-5-437. 

5.  -Odyssey  XIX,  v.349-352. 

6.  -Odyssey  XIX,  v. 399-404. 

7.  -Odyssey  X7IT,  v. 355-380. 


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9 

that  .lieth  in  s eet  slurr.ber"!*  There  are  also  sev- 
eral glirrpses  of  hoime  life  in  which  children  are  in- 
cluded. Odysseus  speaks  of  finuing  .'^eolus  feasting 
with  his  wife  and  children^ • and  Circe  warns  Odysseus 
that  whoever  hears  the  sound  of  the  Siren's  voice  will 
never  see  wife  and  babies  waiting  for  his  return  o'r 
rejoice  at  his  ccming.  ’ Athene  reproaches  Od^'^sseus 
with,  "Right  gladly  would  any  other  man  on  his  return 
1 rom  wandering,  have  hasted  to  behold  his  chilaren  and 
hivS  wife  in  his  haljs,'.'.^ ’ That  children  in  the  home  were 
thought  of  as  a joy  and  adornment  may  be  inferreci  from 
Odysseus'  speech  to  the  swineherd:  "Such  an  one  was  I 

in  war,  but  the  labour  of  the  field  I never  loved,  nor 
home-keeping  thrift,  that  o-reeus  brave  chilaren,  " in 
Vnhich  the  word  translated  "brave"  denotes  properly  "bright, 
shining,  beautiful"?*  The  description  also  of  the 
vintage  scene  on  Achilles'  shiela,  in  which  girls  and 
boys  dance  about  a boy  who  plays  on  the  viol,  while 
they  sing  and  frolic,  swinging  baskets  of  fruit,  inai- 
cates  that  children  a.lso  had  a part  in  harvest  cele- 
brations and  merrymakings  which  took  place  at  thOvt 
time  of  the  year?’ 


l.-Iliau  IV,  V.  13C-131. 

3 . -Ody eseyX,  v.6C. 

3 .  -Odyssey XI T,  v. 40-43. 

4. -0ay8sey  XII  I, v. 333-334. 
b. -Odyssey  XIV,  v. 331-335. 
6.-Iliaa  XVIl'I,  v.  567-572. 


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Those  references  which  suggest  certain  qualities 
of  chiluren  leaa  us  to  feel  that  children  in  antiquit^^ 
were  not  at  all  different  in  many  phases  of  their  char- 
acter from  children  of  to-day.  Their  mischievousness 
is  indicated  in  the  reference  to  the  rally  of  the  Greeks 
around  Patroklos  like  wasps  "that  hoys  are  ever  wont  to 
vex,  always  tormenting  them  in  their  nests  he side  the 
way  in  childish  sx:ort and  they,  if  ever  some  way- 

faring man' passing  by  stir  them  unwittingly,  fly  forth 
every  one  of  them,  with  a heart  of  valor  and  each  o.e- 
fenas  his  children'.'^*  There  is  a reference  to  the  boy 
who  builds  houses  of  sand  and  then  tears  them,  down'^  * 
which  brings  to  mina  a ]:  icture  of  children  playing  in 
the  s....nd  to-day.  But  the  greater  number  of  these  pas- 
sages suggest  the  weak  ana  tender  siue  of  child  nature, 
characteristics  resulting  simply  fromi  imiiraturity.  The 
•simiile  of  the  ass  which  gets  away  from  the  boys  and 
takes  his  fill  of  the  crop  debx;ite  the  blows  and  beat- 
ings  of  his  helpless  drivers  is  an  indication  of 
physical  weakness,  but  I d.  resay  the  administration  of 
the  x>iJ-i^ishment  was  as  enjoyable  to  these  boys  as  it 
would  seem  to  be  even  yet,  ’juaging  from  the  treat- 
m.ent  of  aumb  anim*als  by  the  chilu.ren  of  this  generation. 

1.  -Iliad  XVI,  V.  258  - 233. 

2. -Ili,..d  XV  , V.  36C  - 364. 

3.  — Ili.^a  XI,  V.  563  — 566. 


2 


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11 


The  quality  cf  timidity  ccmeb  out  several  times,  u.s  in 
regard  to  laomeneus,  "But  fear  took  not  hola  uy on  luom- 
eneua,  as  though  he  hau.  been  some  tender  toy"  and  a- 
gain  in  Hector 'e  woras  to  i^chilles-,  "Son  of  Peleus, 

'a 

•think  not  with  v.or.^3  to  c.ff right  e as  a chila"^'  Weed- 
ing children  are  frequently  men^ionea  as  in  the  cc-yar- 
ieon  of  Fatrcklcb  to  tne  little  f?irl  who  runs  alcru-'’  be- 

W>  ^ 

■siae  her  irother  till  she  ie  tirea  out  ^n t.  cries  till  -.er 
■mother 'takes  her  ur.  and  carries  herf*  ana  also  in  Odyss- 
eus' 3;.  eeCxO  to  'the  assembly  when  he  says,  "For  like 
young  cbij.aren  or  widow  women  do  they  wail  each  tS'  zhe 
^ti:er  of  returning  h-ur;3"1'‘  The  , lack  cf  development . no t 
only  rhysically  but  mentally,  whicn  the  Greeks  seem  to 
have  reg'araea  os  the  essential  characteristics  of  chila- 
ren  is  suggested  in  such  :cxssages  as  Fester's  reply  to 
Odysseus  when  he  says,  "qut  on  it,  in  very  truth  y^u 
hold  assembly  like  silly  l-oys  th_t  have  no  care  for  -ueeu-s 
of  War":^*  cr  when  henelaus  gives  his  ci  inicn  of  Ftoneus 
with,  ' truly  thou  wert  not  a foci  aforetime,  but  now  for 
this  once,  like  a chila  thou  talkest  felly. The  ten- 
derness cf  rhoini.K  toward  Achilles  who  in  his  infwvncy 
often  "stainea  the  doublet  cf  my  breast  with  srutterinc^ 

* O 


.-Tli  d XITI  , V.  470  - 471. 
.-Iliad  XX  , v.lCfq  -aOO. 
Iliad  XVI  , V.  7 - 1.. 
Ilixxd  II  , v.SJC. 

Ilix^d  IT  , v.3id-337. 

.-  Oayssey  iv  v.  29  - 31. 


i-.  t 


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12 


ih}i 


wine-  ir  scrr,  helplesonesn, the  f^ct  th^t  cut  of  Lis 

A 

love  icr  t.he  ciii.ia,  he  /.as  vviliin,^  to  en.-aire  rep  eat  ea- 
ly  this  sen  ewhat  unpleasant  e'-q..  erience  is  in  aharj,„  cen- 


tr^.,st  tc  the  rra.nner  in  «;hica  ^1:  aisx_atches  the 

, matter  with,  "At  first  the  inf_.nt,  me..lin^  n..  ,..uLin- 
in  the  nurse's  arms"?* 

There  is  an  indic.stion  of  the  intimacy  -.na  af- 
fection of  parents  ana  chiliren  in  the  yassage,  "for  the 
heart  of  '^ylens'  son  knoweth  net- this,  that  he  of  a 
surety  is  net  long-lived  that  fightsth  'vith  immortals, 
nor  eveT  do.  his  children  pre.ttle  on  his  knees  at  his 
returning  from  ;-,..r  ana  terri.jl::  fray"f‘  The  wora  "prat- 
tle" is  trai'islatea  Itov.  TX(A^a^ou(Ti  <hich  means  liter.,Llly 
"saying  yar-a"  ana  therefore  i;  akes  the  yicture  more  vivia 
th_n  the  tr^.n^latea  wora  cooila  .To.  Another  instance  of 
this  more  intimate  ter.'i.inolcgy  is  feun.^  in  the  case  of 
Lausicaa  who  also  c.lis  her  lati/er  "p.ya"?' 

Those  references  which  incJ.ca.te  the  mitual  atti- 
tudes of  3-aults  an.-^  chilaren,  paii’t icularlj/'  parents,  sho»v 
gensr..illy  a feeling  of  afiection  ana  respect  uaia  though 
the  lot  01  crpha.ns  is  on  unhap i:  y one,  it  a;p,eL..rs  tiu.t 
some  , ro^T’i ion  ■ sas  la-.ae  for  their  inten..nce,  or  tiiey 
were  i.aop  tea  into  other  f.^milies.  Tn  /n '.rcir.ache  ' s plea.. 


1. -Iliad  I : , V.  49C  - 492. 
^.-Shakespeare,  As  you  Like  It  II, 
h.-Ilia.  V.  4C6  - 4C8. 
4.-Oayss0v  vp _ 53. 


IS:--. 


13 


with  Hector  to  dtay  out  of  the  b.-ttle,  ana  a^-ain  in 
her  larrient  at  hie  aeath  she  deecrihse  the  .Borrow  ancl. 
misfortune,  social  oetracien'  _.na  hunuliating  charity 
which  their  son  may  suffer  if  Hector  should  not  re- 
turn^' On  the  other  h nd  Hector  ins^  ires  courage  in 
his  men  by  reminding  them  that  to  ..:ie  fighting  is  no 
aisgrace  an  i that  their  wives  and  children  will ce  pro- 
vided for.^‘  The  treatirent  of  slaves  ana  a iOptea  chil- 
aren  in  a gentle  and  tender  manner  is  eviaent  in  sev- 
eral instL.ncee.  In  regard  to  ’-elantho  a slave  an.^  house- 
eervant  ’’Penelope  reare  d,  and  entre_.ted  her  tenderly  as 
she  had  been  her  own  cliilc,  end  <?eve  heT"  vie  ''-thiru'j's 
to  her  heart's  desire,"^*  and  ’.rheano  nutursd  carefully 
ana  reared  as  her  own  children  Pedaios,  the  hastar.JL' 
son  of  Antenorl"*  The  desire  of  the  mothers  to  protect 
their  children  is.  brought  out  in  the  comparison  of 
Guys  sevus ' tears  to  those  of  the  v^oirian  who  , " throvv.s  her- 
self wailing  aheut  her  iear  lord,  warding  from,  his 
town  and  chilaren  the  pitiless  day",^’  ana  in  the  ref- 
erence to  the  honest  woma.'.n  who  labors  at  the  loom  to 
win  a living  for  her  chil.lren^*  and  lin.'.liy  in  the  aes- 


c rip t ion  of  Teukros 

' rr;ethoo  of 

fighting 

'■  behind  'Aias ' 

snield,  " ” a child 

beneath  his 

n c ther , 

so  go-t  he  hi IV 

1. -Iliad  VI ^ V.  439 
3. -Iliad  XV^  V.  494 

3, -0dys-.ey  XVITT,  v 

4. ~riic.d  V,  V.  6S  - 

- 431. 

- 5CC  . 

.3^1  - 333. 

7C. 

5 . -Ovgossey.  VI v. 

oS  X “ O'  O'  • 

o.- Iliad  XII,  va  431  - 435. 


>1 


14 


to  Aias,  who  hid  h'i.n;  with  shining  ■shield."'^'  .Also  the 
father  exhibits  adrrirable  qualities  of  parenthood  in 
the  x^assages  notea.  Odysseus  is  refer reii  to  as  a lord 
of  the  people  and  "gentle  as  a father"'^*  Frlarr  shovvs 
v^nxiet]^. 'and  .-ffection  when  he  forbids  Polyaoros,  his 
youngest  and  favorite  sen,  to  enter  bat  tie.  ’ and  ag.-in 
chc.rity  tevvara  Ir:.:. rios^  the  hu3'„and  of  his  illegitiiTiate 
'daughter  who  "dwelt  with  Priaa  who  honore.^  him  like  his 
own  chilaren"  . ’ Phoinix.  Achilie>3'  teacher,  is  ..  p a- 
thetic fign.ire^as  he  laments  the  curse  fulfilxed  by  the 
gods  which  deprived  him  of  chilarenT’  One  of  the  most 
characteristic  pictures  of  fatherhood  is  that  of  Hector 
when  he  takes  off  the  helmet  which  frightened  the  baby 
anu  atmdling  himi  in  his  arm;s,  laughs  ana  kis  ses  him,  at 
the  same  tin;e  praying  to  the  g_ds  for  the  cnilu's  Sexfety 
and  welfare.*  On  the  other  hand,  that  the  love  ana  es- 
teem of  parents  and  children  were  mutual  is  suggestea 
by  the  reference  to  Areta,  motlier  of  Pausica  of  whom 
it  was  sa.id,  "Thus  sne  hath  ana  hath  ever  haa,  all  wor- 

7 . 

snip  he^^rtily  frcr-i  her  aear  chilaren"  ana  also  by  the 
lines,  "even  as  when  m.cst  welcome  to  liis  chilaren  is  the 
sight  of  a father’s  life  'who  lies  in  sickness  and  strong 

1. - Iliad  VI 1 1,  V.  273  - 2 74, 

2. -0ayssey  V,  v.ll  - 13. 


3 .-Iliad 

XX,  V. 

405  - 

411. 

4.-Tli-d 

XIII,  V 

. 174 

- 177. 

5. -Iliad 

I X,  V . 

452  - 

457. 

3 . - 1 1 i ad 

'/I,  V. 

468  - 

482. 

7. -Odyssey  v.  7C  - 72 


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15 


],  long  waating  away,  aonie  angry  god  assailing  hir; 

and  to  their  .^elight  the  gode  he'/'e  loosed  hir  frorr;  hie 
troulle,  so  welcorre  to  d showed  l^.na  and  wooa.”^ 

Kc  ever,  arr.ong  the  Greeks  a-,  other  nations  of  the 
world  the  radnese  of  vvar  has  eyent  itself  uj^'On  chilarei'i; 
Just  as  where  your  tre.'-.sure  is,  there  '"ill  your  heart  be 
also,  30  in  the  thick  of  the  fight,  these  when;  they  treas- 
ure most,  their  wives  an.  hahies,  h ve  ever  been  ui-;.er- 
ircst  in  the  theught.-i  of  the  sol.liersl*  Nestor  rr.akeo  the 
incenti'iT'e  to  protect  their  families  the  hasis  of  his 
appeal  to  the  ""reeks  when  they  are  about  to  f lee*:  ' Hec- 
tor insists  upon  seeing  his  wife  and  boy  before  the  b..t- 

f 

tie,  for  he  fears  never  to  return.  figa.in  his  concern 
for  the  innocent  and  helpless  is  revealed  in  a speech  to 
his  men  when  he  says  ’ "Listen  ye  countless  tribes  of 
allies  that  dwell  round  aj-'cut.  It  was  net  for  mere 
nuK.ters  that  I sought  or  longed  when  I gatherer  each  of 
you  from  your  cities,  but  that  ye  night  zealously  gucvi-a 
the  Trojans'  wives  o.na  infant  little  ones  from,  tne  war- 
loving  Achaians."  Helenes  the  augitr  shows  the  v^esirs  t;o 

4 

propitiate  Athene  in  sacrifice  th..t  ‘"she  '.vill  have  mer- 
cy on  the  city  and  the  Trojans*  wives  ana  little  chil- 
dren . " 

1.-  Odyssey  V,  594-598. 

.3, -Iliad  VI,  335  - 6^ . 

3. -Ili..,d  XVII  , 319  - 23. 

4. -Iliaa  VI,  v.  93  - 95, 


16 


?c  it  hus  a.lways  been.  Frcrr,  Homer's  tiir.e  to  the  _;;re- 
sent  iay  lead-ere  ho.^J’e  --fought  for  money,  land,  social 
oaition,  or  political  j.ower  but  the  rank  ana  file  of 
the  common  rr.aeees  which  they  le>b,  follovved  faithfully, 
not  3 0 much  for  the  sake  of  ’;octy  or  glory* ''-it  to  pre- 
serve and  defend  their  own  families  ana  frienas.  On 
the  ether  hand,  this  deep  concern  for  their  wives  and 
children  ho.s  been  Ju st if i ea  at  all  times  by  the  cruel- 
ty of  the  invaders,  '^riam  descrihing-  the  horrors  of 
.war,  spoke  of'his  sons  perishing  and  his  aaughters 
carried  away  and  his  charr.hefs  laid  waste  cjca  infa,nt 
children  hurled  to  the  ground  in  terrible  war  andhia 
sens'  wives  dragged  away  by  the  ruinous  hands  oi  the 
Achc.ians  . " ■ The  treatm:snt  of  children  in  Priori's  ac- 
count i-:s  not  unliRe  that  described  by  the  Fsalrrist  when 
he  said,  "uax-py  shall  he  be  that  taksth  ona  ao-sheth  thy 
little  ones  ago.inst  the  stones"^^*  or  by  King  Renry  tiie 
Fifth  who  speaks  of  "your  naked  infants  ittea  upon 
pikes."^*  Tt  ax-'i-oars  therefore  that  the  hreeks  ho.ve  not 
been  the  only  nation  guilty  of  the  murder  of  liotle 
chilaren  in  a siege,  but  it  seesms  iustifiv..ble  also  to 
conclude  from;  reading  any  page  of  history  that  war  has 
wrought  ugron  children  havoc  cf  one  kind  or  oncther  ^.t 

1. -Iliad  XXII  , V.  6C  - 34. 

£. -Psalm  137,  v.c, 

3 .-Henry  V,  II f,  3, ■ 38. 


all  tir/.es  and  in  all  nati::ns. 

It  would  seen  from  the  conbiaeration  of  tiie 
fcregoino;  references  that  in  the  pericu  of  which  Ho- 
mer writes,  the  relations  of  the  'Greeks  to  their  chil- 
dren were  intimate,  kindly,  affectionate,  and  such  „3 

0.11  human  beings  '■.ew.r  towards  then'  to-day.  r'hi  Jies^- eare 
is  notable  for  the  realistic  way  in  vvhich  he  presents 
•some  of  the  nuisances  of  children, but  although  his  own 
attitude  m.ay  scarcely  be  distinguished,  it  seems  that 
his  characters  neither  abuse  nor  favor  them  sur  erl^^ti ve- 
ly  hut  rather  - hilosoy uicall y accey t children  and  their 
shcrtccmings  as  necessary  to  the  order  of  things.  The 
Old  ■ Tes tangent  writers  came  of  a no.tion  which  hel...  f^mdly 
ties  so  sucred  th'  t the  idea  of  bod  as  a father  of  the 
human  race  becane  the  basis  of  their  religion,  but  they 
hesitated  "to  spare  the  rod  and  spoil  the  chila" . Duty 
was  the  foundation  of  the  rslciticnshiy  oi  parents  ..nd 
children  in  ancient  Israel,  a tounaation  u>.  on  which  was 
built  fearful  resp'-ct  and  loyal tyt'  On.  the  other  hand, 
b'crdsv\'or th  presents  the  opposite  siv..e  of  the  ,^.icture  in 
his  f:.mou3  lines, 

"rut  trailing  clouas  of  glory  do  we  com.e 

"From  Ood  who  is  our  hom.e; 

Heaven  lies  erc’in^  us  in  our  infancy".*^’ 


1. -The  conclusirns  regarding  the  attituae  of  Shakespeare 

and  nid  Testan'.ent  writers  h:.ve  been  u.rawn  after  an  ex.- 
hauative  investigation  of  the  references  they  msake  to 
children. 

2 .  -Wordsworth  ^ Intimations  of  Immortality. 


In  other  Vvorus,  he  believea  that  the  child,  ccrr.ee  intc 
the  '.'vorld  '.  nape  bted  and  ir.ore  nearly  divine  than  ia 
pcsaible  for  hir;  tc  remain, after  comiinj  into  contact 
with  the  wickednesa  of  the  world.  On  this  account,  he 
maintains,  the  infant  demianda  greater  reverence  ^.nd 
more  careful  rearing  aince.it  ia  closer  than  any  other 
human  life  to  its  Maker.  Diametrically  oppoaea  ia  the 
iaea  of  8t.  .H-igi'is t ine^  who  held  that  children  come  in- 
to the  world  already  steeped  in  sin  and  that  such  vi- 
cious habits  as  cruelty  and  abuse  of  helpless  animals 
■are  proofs  of  this  view.  However,  none  of  these  un- 
p le.:i3ant . features  of  child  life  are  auggeste-d  by  Hor  er 
ncr  does  he  a3.sume  the  attitude  of  'P'ordsworth  in  this 
m.atter.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  our  isoet  writes 
of  gentle  folk,  the  class  of  society  v'/hich  enjoyed  all 
the  careful  education  and  rearing  which  were  afforded 
at  that  time.  Hut  the  impression  he  leaves  is  that 
asiae  from  the  atrocities  commiitted  by  war-crazea  sol- 
aiers,  children  were  loved,  respected  and  welcome  in 
the  society  of  their  eld';.;rs,  precisely,  the  same  feel- 
ing vi/hich  all  civilized  people  have  at  thS  present  day. 

l.-St.  Augustine's  Confessions,  with  an  English  trans- 
lation oy  William.  I63i pjew  York,  Macm.ill:..n  191 

(,Br,  /,TX. 


CHAPTyP.  Ill 


THE  HOMFPir  KY¥NS  AFE  HOHEPJCA 


iProjri  the  ccr;;u.s  of  ;;?oer.';s  known  ns  the  lioiLeric 
Kyirns  nrih  the  I-Icnieric;. , the  references  to  chilaren 
may  be  divir.eh  for  the  s:  ke  of  convenience,  ■ into  tv,o 
i;arto:  those  which  obviously  inu.iCvxte  the  attitude 

toward  chilaren  assumed  by  the  Greeks  of  thc^t  time, 
and  those  which,  in  order  to  aetermine  their  signi- 
ficance, demana  a closer  ccnsideration . 

1'he  'vriters  of  this  corjUJis,  vvhether  Hcrr;er  hix;.- 
self  or  those’ who  are  included  in  the  list  of  "Hcm.eric 
■poets,  present  in  the  majority  of  cases  a favorable 
attitude  on  the  part  of  Greek  society  in  general 
tO'ward  the  rising  generation.  The  ve'ry  epibhets  which 
apx-'e-r  repeatedly  throughout  this  corpus  are  convinc- 
ing eviaence  that  m.ore  than  one  writer  had  o'cservea 
this  feeiinp’.  Such  terms  as  "glorious  children"^ 

"dear  son"  " splen  ,ia  son" , lovely  chil'^ren"  , ' 


1.  -Delian  Apollo,  v.l3.  All  oiuctcticns  from_  this  cor- 

pus'are  from'  the  tran  .laticn  by  H.G.  Ev'elyn-'^Aai te, 
Lonaon,  1£G4. 

To  the  Eioscuri,  v.S. 

F;:  igrrurs  of  Homier,  I'V,  v.0. 

Hermes,  v.  IbC ; v.l*#B. 

2. -Pa,n,  V.35 

The  Gtory  of  Oedipus,  v. 

Hermes,  v.245 

Contest  of  Hom'.er  anu  Hesioa,  v.^/¥. 

3 . - D i ony  s ius^JI,  v.S. 

4. -Helios, V. 6. 

“^elene,  v.  13 . - 


"sweet  young  boy",^’  are  used,  frequently^  casually,  anu 
as  a matter  of  course.  .Physical  beauty  is  emx'hasi-ied 
in  such  passages  as  the  simple  statement  which  follows 
the  account  of  the  Demeter  episoue  at  the  palace  of 
lletaneira,  "As  for  the  child,  he  grew  like  an  im- 
mortal being", or  when  Aphrodite  promises  to  shew 
Ancliises  his  son,  "a  scion  to  delight  the  eyes — you 
v;ill  rejoice  in  beholding  him,  tor  hesiiall  be  most 
godlike" , ^ ' or  finally,  "Leto  was  gTaa  because  she  nau 
borne  a strong  son  ana  an  archer".  In  the  Story  of 
Oedepus  there  is  a aescripticn  oi  Hajmon  who  was  given 
in  forfeit  to  tne  Pphinx  ana  who  *^a-s  characterised  as 
"the  comeliest  and  loveliest  of  boys".^*  The  uelight 
in  their  strength  and  beauty  w^as  no  less  prevalent 
than  the  desire  for  children  themselves.  Den.ophcbn  is 
s},  oken  of  as  "a  chila  of  .many  prayers  and  welcome",^* 
and  again  as  "this  child  whom  the  gods  gave  m:e  in  my 

7 . 

old  age  and  beyond  m.y  hope,  a son  muich  prayed  for". 

1. -'fhe  Peturns,  2,v.l 

2 .  -Deme ter, V . 301 . 

3 .  -Aphroai t e, v .280-281 . 

4.  -Delian  Apollo, v . 126 . 

5. -'^tory  of  Oeaipus,  3,  V.  4 . 

6 .  -Deme ter, V . 165. 

7 .  -Demeter, V . 219-221 . 


L 


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i%£ 


K84C 


^ - -?2!  ■ 

'“'  ■***  ■'i  .4X' ’*  * 

* <* 


n ,-;v  •;  ^ 


It '■  ^ ^.r.A‘  ..-iff '^/lA 


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*)*;,  •■'*•  ^ . 


P^  'Y  -Gi,<>l«ij  XX 


•^Sr-  j . n'.i*J 


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■ , 


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'V  wi  "2^  *?)ii  . ^ 


■^^*:ll  !■ ' “• 


}' 


'*^"4  *^'*'*^  '-"ftirtf*  "■'■  j • «.  i ' r/r«  T_ 


e cpreases  joyful  unticipuf ion  of  becoming 

the  wife  of  Anchises  and  of  ’ e^iring  him  "goouly  chil- 

aren",^‘and  the  ceremony  attending  the  hirth  of  Apollo 

2 

was  an  occasion  of  great  glc^dness.  On  the  other  ho.na  , 
to  be  unable  to  bear  children  vvas  considerevi  a iris- 
fortune  and  calamity.  Thus  when  Cemeter  was  bevi/ailing 
her  .adughter's  fate  by  the  Maiden  ''bell,  she  is  com- 
pared to  an  "ancient  woman  who  is  cut  off  from  child- 
bearing ana  the  gifts  of  garland-loving  Aphrodite".^* 
That  the  Greeks  of  this  period  were  sincere  in  their 
longing  for  families  is  supported  by  several  references 
in  which  children  appear  as  a joy  and  .blessing'.  The 
passage  concerning  Apollo,  "and  queenly  Letc  rejoices 

3 

because  she  bare  a mighty  son  and  an  archer",  ’and  also, 
"the^T-  call  the  boy  Pan  because  he  delighted  all  their 

4 

hearts",  ‘besides  these  already  alluded  to  in  respect 
to  the  desirab llity^* of  chilaren,  are  indicative  of 
this  fact.  Mo  less  potent  in  supg/ort  of  this  argu- 
ment is  the  prom.ise  of  Aphrodite  to  Anchises  "and  you 

1 . -Ap  hrodi te , v . 1P9 . 
f .-Demeter, v. 1C1-1C2 . 

T. -Delian  Apollo, v. 11-13. 

4.  -Pan,  v.4_6-47.,  ‘ . 

5 .  -Aphredi te,v.S6G-281. 

Delian  ApoHo,  v . 128  . 

J'emeter,  v.  165,  V.21S-331. 


shall  have  a clear  son  who  shall  reiyjn  airong  the  Tro- 
jans, and  children’s  children  e.fter  hir,  s],  ringing 
•»  1 

up  cont inually , ” or  again,  "Through  you,  0 queen, 
men  are  blessed  in  their  children".^’  In  both  of 
these  passages  the  idea  of  blessedness  rei- inds  us  of 
the  inheritance  of  the  tribes  of  Israel,  ’’for  the 
father  of  a multitude  of  nations  have  I rade  thee. 
j\nd  I-  will  make  thee  exceedingly  fruitful,  ana  I v;ill 
make  nations  of  thee,  ana  kings  shall  come  out  of  thee 
However  it  is  the  neat  Homeric  Hp-igrams  which  rr.ost  a^.- 
mirably  and  with  greatest  nicety  expresse  this  con- 
ception, ’’children  are  a man's  crown,  towers  of  a city 
horses  are  the  glory  of  the  plain  and  so  are  ships  of 


the  sea" . ' 

A pa, the 

tic  touch 

is  auaed 

in  one 

of  the 

epigran.s:  " 

To  what  a 

fate  did 

Zeus  the 

Father 

give  me 

a prey  even 

while  he 

made  m.e 

to  grew,  a 

babe  a 

t my 

mother's  knees and  again,  "My  dear  lir-bs  yearn 
not  to  stay  in  the  sacrea  streets  of  Cyme,  but  rather 
my  great  heart  urges  m;e  to  go  unto  another  country, 
small  though  I am."^* 


1 . -Ap'hrcdi  te,  v.  195-198  . 
S.-To  Earth,  v.5-6. 

3. -Creneais  XVII,  6. 

Epigrams  of 

4.  -Homer  XIII. 

5.  -Homer  IV,  v.1-3. 

6.  -Homer  IV,  v. 15-18. 


< 

1 

\ 


\ 


j 


-.3 


-41' 


23 


Eviaently  children  app  eared  in  public  in  comi.  any  vvitn 
their  parents,  for  the  writer  of  the  hyr.n  to  .Apollo 
says,  "yet  in  Delos  do  you  most  delight  your  heart; 
for  there  the  long-robed  loniane  gather  in  your  hon- 
or with  their  children  ana  shy  wives". Nor  was 
less  attention  paid  them  within  the  precincts  of  their 
own  homes.  The  picture  of  Met..n«ra  who  "sat  by  a 
pdllar  of  the  close-fitted  roof,  holaing  her  son,  a 
tenner  scion,  in  her  bosom"‘^'and  who  later,  because  of 
her  anxiety  for  the  child  and  her  instinctive  miaternal 
suspicion  gf  the  strenge  nurse  who  seem.ed  to  work  rrir- 
acles  in  caring  fcr  the  boy,  "kept  watch  b’y  night  fromi 
her  . sweet-smelling  cham.ber  and  spied.  But  she  wailea 

s.nd  smcte  her  twro  nips,  because  she  feared  for  her  son 

3 • 

anri  was  greatly  distraught  in  her  heart,"  ’presents 
evidence,  indeed,  of  bhe  anrious  mother  heart  which 
knows  no  fetters  of  race  or  time.  Then  after  the  chilo. 
is  di-scarded  bv  the  enroged  goduess,  the  solllcitous 
yet  inexperienced  sisters  crowd  around,  trying  in  their 
clumisy  way  to  minister  to  the  boy  to  the  extent  which 

1. -Celio-n  Apollo,  v.  147-149. 

2. -~enieter,  v. 184-187. 

3 . -Demeter, v .843-24? . 


' V ' . ; ♦«!  c7 


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K-.'54>v*o  W;'  a 

M,  .'  X»  r'  4 f *,*■'  ■ " .' 


r. 


■fl'S-i:  • i .’I  i>)  i IiiMi:,:*jlk’ft;  *t<p\  * jK  .->X«il  'srt/ii 

■'*  B J ’ 

-.  . . t : J$3|^'  s ::.-.  ..iJtfl 

Jwir.3iNl  \*c» 


* v4ic«'  1C-  |kfT. -A-;.-,  .uct  t#  . 


« i • it  ^ .Jn4» ' ^ ■* 9 4 *^1  •'  / az  , •vr  1 3«  - •» » /rAjf 


>7r"  ■ 7*i«i  '*  :>  . 
■ 


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Haw'  ■ 


ifiod. 


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tW«  ^ *«■ 


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t 

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.<■  .,  ‘:. , 

»>A’  ,#|Bt  ^- ->  t>.iJL49{^  tpL»  »-  - •■- I^^Va■l'•^■•^V4i.^^^^'' 

Ti«.;ff  fi|  ,*.4’  .ji_-.  »•«♦*?  l*leJl:  * .i.  -’^iXSi-t  ^ 1 

ac  •A’’  o,  ■»/.  ys  «#>  -.,  lo^ 


• • ’ • ••  «1A  y*— ♦'1'u 


only  the  "one  child  in  the  world"  to  its  particular 
far.ily  ^rouf'  can  -demaind.  Undoubtedly  chilaren  were 
desired  and  welcorrad  for  dynastic  reasons,  and  ster- 
ility was  regarded’  as  ominous  of  divine  disj-'leasure . 
And  yet  from  e mminett ion  of  the  above  references,  it 
seems  reasonable  to  conclude  that  in  adaition  to  be- 
ing perpetrators  of  the  race,  chilaren  were  regaraed 
as  necessary  to  the  pleasures  of  fam.ily  life  ana  that 
as  such  their  well-being  v/as  a joy  an^x  priae  ana  their 
deir.anas  a matter  of  loving  attention. 

We  come  now  to  those  references  which  deme.na, 
inaividually  and  as  a group,  m;ore  thoughtful  contem;- 
plation.  The  group  referred  to  is  that  which  deals 
with  the  nurse  s.nd  her  place  in  the  chila's  life.  It 
is  perfectly  evident  that  in  the  society  of  the  Hoii.er- 
ic  Age,  the  nurse  played  an  imiportant  role  in  house- 
hold affairs.  Rut  i-t  must  be  borne  in  m.ina  through- 
-out  this  discussion,  that  Kom.eric  vvriters  always  dealt 
with  the  upper  classes  vvhere  household  servants  were 
a conspicuous  feature.  The  fam;ous  episode  of  Dem.eter 
as  a nurse  of  Dem.opho^n  is  foreshadowed  by  the  lines 


1 


' - -,  / ' ■ ' .«w: 

<■ 

?i  ' *1.  1*  o or*'  . ::  ' 

■ .‘^;  ' ■ ^ ^ 

•*■*  ■ . • ' 5i  I . *7-0 

’ ■•  ■ -’ • '*  i^:-s7  .' » :f- ; ,zx 

lfc.t  — * ♦ *•  , t“  .'j 

r<f 


• ■ u 

. 3ilii 


1 


25 


which  cLescrlbe  her  grief  anci  desolation  o'rer  the  loes 
of  Phea,  "/nd  she,  was  like  the  nurses  of  king's  chil- 
aren  who' deal  justice".  In  other  worde>  her  life 
was  as  empty  as  that  of  the  nurses  of  king's  chil- 
aren  who  possess  responsibility  without  authority  ana 
so  are  left  in  c'hapjrih  by  their  insubordinate  charges 
when  discipline  is  necessary.  Throughout  the  Dsmeter 
story  there  are  references  to  the  nurse's*  Care  of  the 
chi  la:  how  he  was  fed*^,’  bathed-;  trunaled^  ’ and  cares  sea^.* 
Aphrodite  recalls  her  childhood  with  the  words, "But  I 
kno'w  your  speech  well  beside  my  own,  for  a Trojan 
nurse  brought  me  up-'  at  home,  she  took  me  frorr-  me  dear 
mother  and  reared  me  thenceforth  when  I was  a little 
child. The  f.act  that  the  child  was  taken  from  its 
mother  might  be  an  indication  of  antipathy  or  dislike 
■on  the  part  of  the  paren-t,  hence  a convenient  disposal 
of  her  responsibility  in  the  m.attsr.  However,  there  is 
nothing  to  indica.te  that  the  child  suffered  any  hard- 
ship by  reason  of  the  change  or  that  the  mother  core 
her  any  ill-will.  Moreover  the  fact  that  foreign  nurses 

1. -De.meter,  v.  1C2-1C4. 

2 . -Beraeter, V . 139;  v.l64. 

3. -Demeter,v.2S9. 

4 .  -Demeter, v . 14C , 

5. -Demeter, v. "8? . 

6.  -Aphrcdi te, v . 113-116 . 


' '^1 

■ o • 1 _ •• 


t ,1 


* •*  r i 


t 

i 


oei 


m-  * ' 

Fwj  1 


» 


i 


oi>  i#r  -6f; 

"■  •,  ■ ‘ 


u 


I, 


/.r  t 

».f|  tc'1 

-■  { 


t^z 


were  net  unepmmori,  ^ ’i:  oints  to  the  assumirticri  that  no 
unfavorable  implication  ie  involved  in  the  statement. 
One  of  the  l^rigrams  speaks  of  "Goadess-nurBe  of  the 
young”*^  * thereby  signifying  the  importance  attached  to' 
the  office.’  Kcvvsver  the  question  may  be  raised, 

"Does  not  the  importance  of  the  nurse  reflect  with 
discredit  upon  the  attitude  of  the  mother  toward  her 
child?”  Tt  is  possible  th;^.t  there  were  in  thcBe  aays, 
as  there  are  now,  women,  v\/ho,  having  borne  chilaren, 
considered  their  mission  in  life  corriplete  and,  un- 
willing to  aasum.e  further  responsibility,  paid  a nurse 
to  relieve  them  of  it.  ^n  the  ether  hand,  the  wom.an 
of  the  Kom.eric  Age  was  the  household  administrator: 
she  directed  the  preparation  of  food  such  as  pounding 
^na  grinding  grain,  also  the  carding  and  spinning  of 
wool;  weaving  and  embroiaery  were  tasks  worthy  of  her. 
Ao.d  to  these  enaless  labors,  the  enaless  amount  of 
time  and  effort  involved  in  caring  for  her  chilaren 
and  we  do  not  wonder  that  she  resorted  to  employing 
help  from  the  plentiful  sources  which  seem  to  have 


l.-Dosaria,  Sister  Mary;  The  Nurse  in  Greek  Life,p. 13-15 
2 . -Npigrams  of  -Hcrr.er,  XI I . 


27 


existed.  'iherefore  the  importance  cl'  the  nurse  may 
be  regarded  as  eviu.ence  net  that  the  miother  shirkea 
her  obligations  or  disliked  her  task,  but  that  she 
engaged  a nurse  for  her  chilu  because  there  were 
plenty  of  means,  plenty  of  nurses,  ana  for  the  mis- 
tress of  the  household- plenty  of  auties  of  which 
rearing  children,  although  the  most  important,  was 
only  one  of  the  most  imm.ediate. 

There  are  three  references,  however,  which  may 
have  a sinister  significance  for  the  attitude  of  the 
Hom.eric  Greeks  toward  children.  In  a fragm.ent  of  the 
Cypria,  Stasinus  se.ys,  ”Ke'  is  a fool  who  kills  the 
father  and  lets  the  children  live."^’  At  first  sight  , 
this  statement  imp'rssses  the  reader  with  its  brutality 
but  though  it  is  unjustifiable  at  any  event,  there  is 
evidently  scuna  logic  in  it.  have  only  to  recall 

the  m.etho:^8  which  cur  own  countrymen  in  the  Blue  Riage 
Fountains  ha.ve  adopted  for  generations,  in  oraer  to  re- 
alize how  ignorant  of  feuds  we  would  be  to-day  if  the 
"poor  whites"  in  the  first  instance  had  followea  the 
aavice  of  Gtasinus.  Again  the  details  of  the  killing 


l.-The  Cypria, 2S. 


n 

I 

•5 


^ I 


1 «• 


cr 

1 , 


1 • • * 4 

I • 


. '\  ' '•'lU 


.i 

^ :'-•?  . 0 X ^ ' 

•*  ■ ■ lo: 


• r 


4 


28 


of  the  babe  As  tyanax;^  • are  vivid  and  complete.  This 
Vifas  undoubtedly  'a  heinous  crime  worthy  of  the  indig- 
nation of  the  author  who,  it  seems,  tried  to  arouse 

i 

the  sympathy'  :of  hi's  audience  toward  the  child  and 
their  anger  against  the  culprit.  Just  as  the  sen- 
sational headlines  of  the  daily  news  are  inten-aed  to 
sway  public  opinion,  so,  I think,  by  graphically  re- 
counting the  awful  details,  the  author  must  have  pro- 
duced a similar  effect  among  these  gentlefolk  of  the 
period  in  .which  he  .wrote.  Lastly  the.  infanticide  by 
Hera,  who  because  her  son  was  born  "weakly  among  all 
the  blessed  gods  ana  shrivelled  of  foof'^'cast  him 
out  of  heaven  and  threw  him  into  the  sea,  is  the 
first  instance  of  cruelty  to  the  child  on  the  part  of 
the  parent  so  far  as  our  investigation  has  gone.  In 
the  present  day_^  t.he  .leaving  of  ~an  .in.fs.nt  on  a do  or  step  is 
comparatively  a rare  event  and  an  occasion  for  indig- 
nant publicity.  Several  years  ago  public  opinion  ran 
high  against  a doctor  who  allowed  a child  to  aie  be- 
cause it  was  hopeles.sly  aeformed,  mentally  ana  physi- 


l.-The  Little  Iliad,  14,  v.1-6. 
3.-Pythi^^n  Apollo,  v.317-318. 


Cu,lly.  Exposure  of  infants  and.  doing  away  w/ith  chil- 
dren, it  i's,  general ly  believed,  was  ir.uch  iriore  -frequent 
then  th_n  novv.‘  Grant ed  that  for  economic  reasons  ana 
in  order  to  get  rid  of,  illegi  tin  .ate  chilaren,  the  rac- 
tise  of  e.xposure  became  acceptea,  would  this  instance 
have  appealed  to  the  Greeks  as  inexcusably  brutal?-  Or 
grant  that  infanticide  -and  exposure  v/ere  not  commonly 
practised,  how  may  such  a crime  by  a goddess  te  ex- 
plained? It  must-be  rem.'smoerea  that  the  Greeks  wor- 
shipped beauti^  and  also  that  they  were  unusually  pro- 
lific. They  were  not  desirous  of  any  but  strong,  beau- 
tiful children  -and  regarded  a crip'ple  in  the  light  of  a 

disgrace.  With  these  i-oinrs  in  mind,  it  is  net  hard  to 

* 

understand  vi?hy,  i rom  the  Greek  point  of  view,  a godaess 
whose  misfortune  it  was  to  bear  a son  with  a shrivelled 
foot  m-ight  easily 'lecom.s  so  demented  with  r?;.ge  as  to  take 
the  e-asiest  and  quickest  way  out  of  such  an  emoarrassing 
and  humiliating'  situation.  It  seemis  fron  the  Greek 
point  of  view  th-at  Hera's  crime,  though  unusual  and  un- 
fortunate, was  not  inexcusable. 

In  sharp'  contrast  to  the  hideous  picture  oi  Hera's 
wratn,  are  the  references  to  1:116  spirit  of  childhood. 


4 


•0/ 


-1 


■ t 


V4aiil 


.'1 » ■ 


rest  of  which  a,r$  found  in  the  Fynvn  to  Kerrr;e3.  The 
.tsscrix:  ticn  of  the  feigned  innocence  of  the  god  as  he 
lies  in  Bwaddling  clothes  in  his  cradle  while  Apollo, 
in  a rage  , hunts  for  his  stol'en  cattle,  ^ ’ ref lects  the 
gay,  rollickscrce,  niischievous  aide  of  childhood  which 
Hermes  typifies.  In  a later  poem  he  is  aescrihsd  as 
''a  noisy,  merry-laughing  chila"^*and  again  in.Arollo's 
words,  "for  m.y  part  I have  never  seen  one  sc  pert  ei- 
ther among  the  gods  or  all  men  that  catch  folk  una- 
wares throughout  the  world. All  the  aepenuence  of 
the  child  upon  its  mother,  esp.ecially  in  an  emergency, 
becomes  ir.anifest  when  the  god  him^sslf  says,  "This  is 
no  ta.sk  for  me:  rather  I care  Tor  other  things;  I care 
for  sleep,  and  mulk  of  my  mother's  .reast,  an^.^  vaarm 

A 

oaths."  * The  seat  of  authority,  as  in  our  homes  to- 
day, is  also  maae  apparent  when  Kermes  rails  at  his 
-mother's  reproaches.^*  uux  the  suprem.e  judge  -oi  the 
household  w.as  the  -father,  for  the  incident  of  the  sto- 
len cattle,  sim.ilar  to  one  of  cur  well-known  A.m:erican 
anecdotes  m:ikes  this  fact  clear  when  Herm^es  confesses, 

1 .-Hermes, V. 335-342 , 

2 . -Pan,  V . 3b  . 

3 .  -Hermes, v. 332-338 . 

4 .  Hermes . V .266-268 . 

5.  -Hermes, V. 162-165. 


tx-- 


iwi 


"Zeus,  rr:j^  father,  indeed  I will  spea.k  the  truth  to  you; 
for  I aiT:  truthful  an.i  I cannot  tell  a lie"f  Chilaren, 
however  spiriteu,  were  taught  to  respect  their  eluers,  ’ 
but  they  lacked  neither  incentive  or  ability  to  ; lay 
jokes  on  then.,  for  instance  the  famous  fish  joke  * which 
the  boys  played  on  Homer.  In  the  Hymn  to  I-arth,  " their 
sons  e.^rult  with  ever-freah  aelight_,ana  their  aaughtera 
in  llower-laaen  banc.s  play  ana  SKip  merrily  over  the 
3-oft  flowers  ci  the  lield.""^*  Ana  so  tne  eviaence  is 
strongly  in  favor  of  the  characterization-  of  the  spirit 
of  chiiahood  then  UvS  it  i-s  now:  gay,  mischievous,  full 
of  animation,-  noisy,  humorous,  frowning  on  authority, 
but  alvso  awed,  by  and  ■ dependent  upon  it. 

In  conclusion  it  seems  justifia.ble  to  say  that  the 
a.ttitude  of  the  Creeks  toward  chilaren  as  presented  by 
'wri-tex-3  01  the  non.cric  rj.ym;n3  anu  'Lixic:  iioriicrica  was  very- 
similar  to  that  presented  b"/  Homer  nim.seli:  that  the 
relationships  between  parents  and  children  were  close 
etna  mutually  pleasant;  that  children  'were  loved  and 
cared  for  because  of  intrinsic  reasons;  the.t  in  oraer 

3.  .-Hermies,  v.  339-372  . 

3 .-Hermes, V. 455-457 . 

3.  -Contest  ol  homer  ana  hesiod, v. 327-341 . 

4.  -To  Earth, V . 13-15. 


to  accord  children  the  advantag-ea  of  constant  care  and 
g^jidance  they  were  put  in  charge  of  trustworthy  nurses 
instead  of  overworked  mothers;  that  rare  cases  of  bru- 
tality to  chiiaren  vi/ere  cause  for  public  wrath  and  dis- 
approval; but  that  the  spirit  of  child-hood  vT/as  a nor- 
mal, healthy,  wholesome  one-,  such  as  children  who  live 
well-ordered,  carefully  planned  lives  enjoy  to-day. 


■'V-'  /,  « 


-0‘f 


f'.  fii  ^AW  ii  iw»?  ■' it  --* 


s 


i.«.  *■ 


«w  . ^ 

'-.-v.r  1-'  ‘'i  ^^aajIl»  'v* 


-*§f- 


"‘t  'S 


CHy\PT^R  IV 


HFSIOD 

The  vycrks  ,ascxi'-ea  t-e  Hesiod  hove  aorrie  noto-le 
references  to  the  attitude  cf  the  Oreska  regarding  the 
desirability  of  ■children  ana  of  favorable  auapicea  for 
then.  Dynastic  ..mbit ion  rr.o..y  have  o een  the  j.rin.e  motive 
in  the  obvious  e,c',gerne3  3 for  chil:^ren,  but  certainly 
personal  enjoyment  in  the  children  themselves  streng- 
thened ana  increased  this  desire.  Thus  Dchoenus  spe-.k:3 
of  the  marriage  cf  his  daughter  .Atlanta  to  Ripi.omenes: 
"Hay  the  father  of  men  and ‘of  gO'j.-.^grant  th;..t  ax'lendid 
children  be  born  to  him.}.""^’  This  same ' att i tu-.e  is  i.m- 
lieu  in  the  o.escrip  ticn  cf  distress  and  desolation 
which  results  from  evil.  "Often  even  a whole  city  suf- 
fers from  a bad'ma.n  who  sins  s.nd  devises  p resumip  tucus 
deeds_,  and  the  son  of  Crones  lays  great  trouble  upon  the 
peo-p  le,  famine  s^nd  plag^ae  together,  so  tho.t  men  x'Shish 
iiwap’’,  and  their  women  do  not  ‘teor  children,  and  their 
houses  becci.  e few_,  through,  the  contriving  cf  Olyng  io..n 
Zeus."'^’  I'Tom  thi.s  it  dp'.pe-'.rs  tho.t  to  be  ae;.  riveu  of 
children'  was to  trie  Greek  mind^cne  cf  the  gre..,test  c..vt^ 
astrophee  which  could  befall  a man.  Again  the  post  3..m/ 

1. -Hesiod,  C;.. t alogues  cf  Vcmen  ana  Eoiae  14,  v.D4-r25, 

. from  a t ran,slo.t ion  by  H."^.  Evelyn  l¥hite. 

3.-Vorks  and  Days,  v.  239-245. 


34 


’’Peace,  the  nurse  of  children,  is  abroad  in  their 
land.”  In  other  \vcrl3,  ]:erhari  the  idea  is  that  not 
the  least  as'.cng  the  other  blessings  •■vhicL  peoxe  brings 
is  the  blessing  cf  children.  It  is  clear  that  the 
Greeks  were  very  parti  collar  about  ccnuitions  attending 
childbirth  and  -the  early  years.  "Co  not  beo-et  children 
when  you  or’s  corr.e  back  frcir.  ill-oiiened  burial,  but  after 
a festival  cf  the  gods."'^’  In  this  reference  vve  see 
traces  of  that  idea  which  is  w'ide-32;read  even  tc-d^y; 
narr.ely,  that  before  a chil^^  is  born,  the  prospective 
Eruther  should  be  steeped  in  an  environroent  conuucive  to 
mental  „.na  sp  iritual,  as  '.-.ell  o.s  physical  s trength . and 
vvell-being . ' The  aavice  in  this  passage  is  supp le.aented 
later  by  a detailed  list  of  days"^’in  the  month  which 
will  be  fa.vcrable  cr  unfavorable  for  the  births  cf  boys 
o,na  girls,  the  c.  -e  may  be,  and  vvhich  vvill  influence 
the  character  of  the  children  born  on  these  viays.  In 
o.ncther  instance  feo.r  cf  divine  displeasure  and  its  con- 
seouences  upon  the  offenders  is  indicated  in  the  rule 
vvhich  forbde  chilaren  to  sit  on  "things  w'hich  may  not  be 
moved"  such  as  tombs  or  3.II  things  it  vvould  be  sacrilege 

fl 

to  ai Sturt,  "for  that  is  bad_^and  makes  a man  umaanly" . 
Therefore,  we  n.a’y  conclude  that  the  Greeks  about  whom 


1 

.-Forks 

and 

Cays, 

V . 

'"28 . 

2 

. -Forks 

and 

Cays, 

V. 

734-738. 

3 

. - Fo  rk  s 

a.nd 

Cays, 

V . 

783-78S,  7SC-794. 

4 

, _ ]r*y  e 

and 

Cays, 

V . 

7 5C-7  63. 

Hesiod  wrote  wished  not  only  to  yer^  etupte  thei.- 
selves  as  a ]3orle  tut  also  to  avoid  so  far  as  they 
were  able^  any  h.ndic-:^  which  supernatural  pbenon.ena 
v*nd  power  r;:ight  lay  upon  their  children. 

. In  Hesiod's  works,  as  in  those  of  Homer  and 
the  cyclic  poets,  there  are  passa-ges  which  shovv  that 
children  were  objects  of  priae  ana  vigili^nce.  Here 
a.lso  the  nurse  figures  _ rcn.inently  in  the  child's  life. 
Thus  we  find,  "But  Chiron  was  tenaing  the  son  of  Feleus, 
swift-foosea  Achilles,  pre-eminent  among  men,  on  wocay 
Fericn;  for  he  was  still  a boy,"  and  ago.in,  "I  bid 
you  put  your  bonu.man  out  of  acors  and  look  cut  u ser- 
Vv^.nt-g’irl  with  no  chilaren;— f or  a servant  with  a child 
to  nurse  is  t rcut-leso’  e . " ’ In  the  latter  c:,..se  it  is 
not  clear  whether  the  servant-girl  was  desired  as  a 
nurse-maid,  cut  in  any  event  it  was  not  iesirable  to 
have  a servant  -^'art  of  whose  tim.e  necessarily  belonged 
to  her  own  child.  Ccmetimes  a chill  was  brought  up  un- 
der the  immediate  attention  of  his  mother:  "A  child 

was  ■;  rcught  up.  at  his  good  n.cth-r's  side  an  hundred 
ye..rs,  an  utter  simpleton,  flaying  childishly  in  hie 
own  home."'^*  Here  it  ia  implied  that  the  immature  r;.en- 
tality  of  a'  child,  natural  enough  in  early  years,  be- 
comes unnatur.-l  to  the  ]-cint  of  foolishness  after  a 

1 .-Catalogaies  of  Fomien  an...  ’f^oiae,  68:1,  v.lCC-lCB. 
2.-’''orks  and  Days,  V.SC1-6C4. 

Works  and  Days,  v.  15C-133. 


! 


a i : Ji^.  ‘ . i « t ■ ^.|U 

_ ti 

6*;^ ►/ :;»l  5/^  'i 


<1 

•jl^ 


hi- 


-r. 


Cfv  Ok.:  ' 


I 


f 


V . 

.*  *.  nu- .,n  .iP 

. ■ ilk'!  *»  «•  i' 

■■4.-^  'i  , 

“_r-'^  . ■’i.A 


T> 


36 


century  ...nl  it  is-  u child  ci  this  kin-,.  ,-.-hich  the  ,:cet 
te.k-3  as  a personification  of  the  silver  a--e.  The  value 
oi  the  rei -‘rence  for  this  d.isc‘.rs.:iion  is  that  it  loerely 
cals  :obtention  to  the  fact  that  wo/nen  sons  tildes  took 
the  resp  onsikilitp^  of  re.riny  their  children,  unaided. 
Among  the  fragi^ents  of  the  Prsceats  of  hhircn  .n-iich, 
aespite  Aristophanes'  opinion,  ^p,pe.,.r  ivith  Hesioa's 
poems,  there  is  the  obssrvaticn,  "^ome  consider  that 
chil.^ren  un-..ier  the  sge  oi  seven  should  not  receive  a 
literary  education)'^'  which  in  Hesiod's  time  rr.e;-..nt  nc- 
thing  r.:Ore  p.-robo.bly  ths.n  "le-.irn  to  re:..a"  . Howevex*  the 
age  CI  the  chila  aiifers  but  one  ye  r frcii.  -school  age 
prescribed,  for  the  beginners  of  our  aay . Care  and  an.v- 
iety  lor  the  child  is  evident  from,  other  viewpoints  al- 
so. "But  at  that  time  he  knew  not  as  yet  the  intent  oi 
his  lathei's  mind_^r.nd  now  rr.en  aelight  in  x-'^c'tect ing  tiieir 
chil-dren  from'  doom."^*  This  passage  is  supp:ort,  indeed, 
for  the  p-revalent  notion  that  parents  always  n.ctke  their 
cnildren  the  x rimary  consiaeraticn  in  ’cime  of  distress. 

Likewise,  in  the  piassage  "with  him who  infatuately 

offends  against  fatherless  children,  truly  Zeus  is  angry 
and  at  last  lays  on  him  a heavy  repuittal" , * there  is 

proieso  ageins'G  rne  abuse  ei  v.-akness  ana  innocence  whicn 

1 inas  expression  in  the  annals  of  the  Hebrews'^*  on  aown 

. -■'^recep' ts  of  Chiron,  4. 

2 . -Cat alogues  of  ''^’■'orr.en  and  Eoiae  66:11,  v. 23-25. 

3. -V/orks  ana  iJe.ys,  v.  327-3 

4 .  -}!'xo^..ais  "Ye  shall  not  afflict  any  wi-aow  or  fo.ther- 

less  cl.ild :.;,nd  m.y  wrath  -hall  wax  hot  r^na  I ..ill 

kil]  yo-.-’.  --sith  the  sword". 


4-  /I 


A 4 fl 


? a 


r' 


• '-r 


t-N  / 


V'  - -C  * 

t ^ t _ ; <L.  * • ' ' Tl  _! ' 


^ - i . ► «ii#  T 

-U  ' .'  . p'5 

i.  5.  it’^  ik  ^ 

li r?t'  • ’ i -t  • - 


- t 


J' 


% 


. i 


f 


-.  i 


.»] 

*-5"i 


j^«  ' 


A 


seven 


through  the  history  to  the  events  of  the  lust 
years.  The  care  of  children  which  reflects  yj.rticu- 
larly  tencerness  is  evinced  in  the  auvice  t:  "'^■ow 
fallow  land  when  the  soil  is  still  .^ettinf;--  lic<ht;  fal- 
low  land  is  a defender  from  harr  and  a soother  of  chil- 
dren ~ Here  there  is  an  r-illusicn  to  the  dreek  custom 
of  crc'X  rotation  to  produce  a larger  yield,  hut  it  is 
interesting  to  note  that  hungry,  crying  chilaren  were 
the  stinulus  for  this  prcce^^dure.  Joy  and  pride  in  chil- 
dren are  evident  from-  such  instances  as  "And  to  Cephalus 
she  bare  a s^,  lendid  son,  strong.  Phaethch()j  a man  like  the 
gods,  whom  when  he  was  a young  bey  in  the  tender  flo'.'er 

of -glorious  y :u th  with  childish  thoughts " *,  or  a- 

gain,  "Ke  had  a son  of  remarkable  beauty,  Hymeneeu.-' . 

And  when  Apollo  sa^ir  the  boy,  he  was  seized  witai  love 
for  hin_,and  woi.ild  not  leave  the  house  of  Magnes.""^'  The 
2-  oet  says  of  Hecate,  "because  she  is  an  only  child,  the 
goddess  receives  not  less  honor,  out  n.nch  more  still, 
for  Zeus  honors  her".^’  This  is  only  a.notner  link  in  the 
chain  of  evidence  showing  the  identity  in  many  resx.ects 
of  the  dreek  attitude  with  ours  to-day,  here  with  regOvrd 
to  the  proverbial  only  child.  Hut  just  as  a ncrma.lly 
good  'and  healthy  chi la  was  a source  oi  pleasure,  so  the 
black  sheex:  of  the  family  caused  sorrow  ooid  an'oiety,  for 

. 1 . - V,’c rl s and  Days,  v. 463- 46 5. 

2 . -’^^heo'gon;^,  v. 986-991. 

3.  -The  dreat  Hoiae,  16,  v.5-". 

4. -Theogcny,  v. 423-428. 


v;e  fina,  ’’^I’hcever  happens  to  h„ve  b:.nefn.l  chilaren, 

lives  always  with  increasi-'i;^’  grief  in  his  spirit  and 

evil  ^ 

heart  within  hirrp  and  this  cannot  be  he;,.led.  ” - • Thus 
ws  have  seen  th-.t  aside  froiTi  pie  sure  and  the  niechan- 
ical  ca.re  of  adrr  inis  taring  to  their  physical  neeae, 
which  chilaren  received,  there  was  a solicitviue  for 
their  welfare  and  progress,  their  ap'pearance,  their 
oral  and  spiritual  developirent  which  irust  have  ha.a 
its  rise  not  in  a selfish  >ut  altruistic  source. 

There  are  two  p.^ssages  which  are  worthy  of  men- 
tion beccu-e  of  the  light  they  cast  upon  the  attituae 
which  parents  desirea  fron  the  children  in  resp’  ct  to 
thenselves.  In  the  iragirients  of  Unknown  Position,  tae 

Scholiast  on  Picandero  notes:  "mt  you  should  be  gentle 

3 

tcwar'vcS  your  father."  ‘ This  is  a genero.lizat  i _n  in 

the  affirrative  of  scroe  of  the  aetails  involved  in  the 

description  of  the  iron  age  and  its  probable  resu,lt3. 

"The  father  will  not  agree  with  his  chillaren^  nor  the 

children  with  their  iather;...M  n will  aishoncr  their 

parents  as  they  grow-  guickly  old,  and  will  carp  at  then, 

chiding’ them  with  bitter  words,  hard-hearted  they,  not 

knowing  .the  fear  of  the  gods.  They  will  not  repay  their 
/ 

ageu  parents  for  the  cost  of  their  nurture,  for  might 

j *7 

snail  be  their  right.  This  oeem-s  to  inM.icate  by  the 

l.-Theogony  V.SC9-311 
S . -Frarrments  of  Unknown  Position  PI. 

3. -Porks  -and  P-sys,  v.  18P-188. 


• w 


••  2 ^ 


o/ 


.-  :..f. 

V 9 V' 


J,  Jtl 

.1  ' 


f. 


Ux* 

:'»:<4.j^ 

.1*4  t ,1 

•"  1 5 * ji 

■ - ►;-] 


i/ 


. 11.. . vT':  r^i  . 

• f 

21  ca.^  1 .i  <!•»*  ' 


'■•  ; p/' 


1-  V'-' 

. . ■ ‘i^ 


XU 


• * 


indignant  cen<snre  irrr'lied,  th^.t  ths  Cireek  i:ie.-:l  of 
fili:?.l  relaticn.ehi;:  8 wao  :ns  of  hjcrmony,  respect,  grut- 
i'tu‘"e,  and  affection. 

However,  there  a.re  several  references  which  iray 

be  queationea  as  to  the  iiripression  they  leave.  In  the 

*1 ' *'-* 

'.rheogony,  the  mythology-  regarding  Heaven,  ’ Cronos  ’ ana 

3 . 

, Zeus, ‘and  the  rr;sthods  by  which  these  divinities  riu 
themiselves  of  their  children  are  o.is guesting  an^^  Orutal. 
AverB'ion  to  the  helpless  ana  ugl^^  is  undoubtedly  a i.-rim- 
itive  idea  and  the  treatment  accorded  the  children  of 
these  gods  is  traditional  among  savages,  for  to  them, 
hum-.n  sacrifice  was  an  accepted  convention . ’ There  is 
a theory  that  oy  this  series  of  myths  the  Thtjogony  is  an 
atte.r:pt  to  exp^lain  the  consolidation  of  absolute  wisdom 
with  absolute  power?*  The  treatm:8nt  of  the  children 
would  then  h'e  explained  in  consequence.  In  addition  it 
seen'iS  to  m:8,  it  must  be  borne  in  mina  that  in  e;„cn  case 
m.snt icnei^  tne  cnilaren  appear  as  such  only  in  their  family 
rele-tionships  and  that  they  are  really  supernatural  off- 
spring, playing  their  roles  in  a bit  of  m'ytiiclogy,  but 
not  fulfilling  the  parts  of  chilarsn  in  point  of  develop- 
ment. The  story  ol  Thetis  who  "used  to  throw  the  bhil- 
dren  she  had  ’:y  Peleus  into  a cauldron  of  vo'ater  because 

l.-Theogony,  v.  146-18C. 

S.-Theogony,  v.  453-492. 

3. -Theogcny,  v.  885-SCC. 

4. -Furray,  Cilbert:  Tne  Hiss  c-i  the  Creel  Epic,  p . o2f  f . 
b.-Mure,  wiliiam:  A .Crit-ical  History  of  the  Language  and 

Literature  of  .Ancient  Creece,  IT,  4C7  ff. 


she  wished  to  le5.rn  whether  they  '..ere  n.ort.-.l ond 

after  n'.any  had  ].srished^  Peleus  was  anricyea  c.na  ^.^re- 
venteci  her  iron-  throwing  hchilles  into  ':he  caularon"-^’ 
jresenos  inconceivable  cruelty  rs  the  price  oi  a mat- 
ernal whim,  j'iccording  to  another  tradition^^^’  the  god- 
. aess  was  forced  into  the  union  with  Peleus,  a state- 
ment, which  ii  true,  may  account  lor  her  recklessness 
in  .satistying  an  extrem:e  curiosity.  Tinder  such  circumi- 
stances  it  is  conceivable  that  the  children  would  be 
odious  to  ner  oecause  inierior  to  n«r  positioxi  ixi  tne 
univ'ersal  oruer.  Ine  supernati'iral  element,  therelore, 
seem.3  to  me,  the  bs.si8'  oi  th'e  censure  which  the  case 
aemands  at  first  sight. 

In  conclusion,  then,  it  seems  that  Kesicd  aeals 
■ with  his  subject  m.atter  in  a more  realistic  way  thcin 
Homer.  me  very  conteiit  aem&nao  a Hia,  oter-ox-xac  u tre-..t- 
ment  since  it  contains  tnemss  pertaining  to  tne  Ricre  prac- 
tical and  humble  side  of  life.  However  the  rassaaes  which 
concern  us  in  this  inve s t iga.tion  are  notable  because,  de- 
spite the  handicap  of  being  humbler  themes,  they  convey 
an  Impression  which  approaches  closely  that  gaineu.  from 
our  previous  discussion:  namely,  that  the  Greeks  though 
naturally  prolific,  aeriv’ed  real  pleasure  froHi  the  ao- 

l.-Aegimus,  B,  v.  1-6. 

H.-HOiSCher:  Letikon  der  Grcechischen  - 
col.  S3,  ■ , 30i 


Rom.ischen  Hythologie 


cisty  cf  fsx'.ily  life;  fh?.t  their  concern 
begzjn  before  its  'cirth  an-,  ccn  cinue..  thro 
life,  inclu..ing  nco  only  attention  to  yhy 
out  coc'.T  rising  also  enxiety  for  the  eyiri 
tal  beveloyir.ent;  th:^t  relation?  between  y 
children  .ere  at  once  these  of  ceny o.nicn? 
sia.sration;  th?  t traces  of  cmtalit,  , trs 
all  races,  -.r.z.  ty  nc  nesn-s  extinct  anong 
cases  involving  the  suy ernaturi.l  element 
figments  of  imagination  anu  reyrcaucing  a 
yrim.itive  ana  naive  oethoas  ci  thinking, 
pressed  too,  much  evidence  for  thought 


for  the  chi la 
u gn out  its 
’sics.l  neeas 
, tue.1  end.  r_en- 
a rents  o.nd 
■hiy  ^nj.  cen- 

Ld.iti.nal  tc- 
ours elves,  an 
o e c au  5 e t n e i r 
.ndicate  very 
Eire  not  to  he 
end  feelin?  i 


a nuch  le.ter  a?e 


■J' 

■ ■ ▼ 


>•:* 


Ac, 


V 


:i., 

■tV-  - ■ 

*•  ■‘!>)«»Wt* 


1.  . 


42 


CHAPTYP  V 

■ - ■PIFIJAP.  PACPflYLID^S 

Because  the'  OuCs  of  Pindar  and  Bacchyliu.es  .\^ere 
vu'itten  in  commerriora ti cn  • of  tne  heroes  of  the  nutional 
Greei;  i estiv.-ls,  there  occur  a nuKbsr  of  passages  in  the 
cen;s  vtrhich  refer  to,  the  ps-rts  pl.^.yed  by  boys  on  these 
occasions.  It  is  evident  that  young  Doys  were  aaiLitL.ea 
to  the  contests,  for  there  are  sucii  references  ci,s,  "Fnile 
at  Argos  he  gained  glory  in  a contest  of  t.en_j  ana  a.s  a.  boy 
ao  Athens,  * and  oigain,  "and^if  I o.yaelf  ,ha^^e_,  f or  Pi- 
le sias,  rushed  up  in  song  tib  ttxe  height  of  glory  «on  by 

of 

tratining^ beardless  youths,  let  not  envy  cast  a rough 

stone  Pvt  ':e;  for  T cou.ld  tell  of  his  winning  such  another 

victory  hin.self  at  Feroea In  the  case  of  Aria- 

taeoras,  "Bn.t  the  ho.lt inv  ho^es  of  his  ■ arents  restrohnea 

his  strength,  as  a boy,  frorr.  conp-eting  for  prizes  at  Py- 

3 

the  and  Olyirv  ia,  ” ’even  as  p-arental  OvUthcrity  to-uay  soo  e- 
tiires  pre  -ente  oai  obstacle  to  the  yoanger  generation  with 
its  indepen.. ent  . bint  of  view.  Bacchyitaes  tcc_,  in  praise 
of  Liichon  of  Cec-s  -says,  "ho  one  aroong  the  Greeks  us  boy 
or  a.s  rr.an  has  gained  acre  victories  in  :in  equal  tine.""^’ 

The  aiscorr f iture  of  defeat  seeirs  to  ho^ve  appealea  to  the 

1 .-OlyiUj:  ian  -Odes,  .IX,  v.8’7-8P.  All  quotations  iror.  Finuar 

are  nade  iron  .a  translation  by  Bir  John  h.  S.o.nuys,  Lon- 
uon,  1S15. 

2 . -Olyrrq  ifi.n  Ode.=  , VITT,  v.  54-58. 

3.  -Feme. an  qles,  Xl,  v. 29-31, 

4. -Fr.in.,  V. 42-43.  All  quotations  from  Bacchyl/ues  are 

maae  iron  a tran -lOvt ion  by  h.C.  Jeoc,  Uumuriuge,  19Cb. 

Unless  cinexwise  inaic:.te^  all  yo.ssages  are  quotea  from 
'Pindar. 


i:cet  as  a rei-=ns  cl‘  enhancing  the  hero  ’s  eclory  for  in 
two^’very  8in:ilar  pa'^-'sag’e s he  i.re*.ente  the  victure  of 
_fcur  boys  stealing  away  hone  while  the  crowd  jeered-- 
"no-r  indeed,  as  they  returned  to  their  mothers  v^id  ] le^.s- 
ant  laught.er  awaken  delight  but  they  slunk  along  the  by- 
ways, aloof  from  their  foes,  sorely  wounde...  by  their  mis- 
chance."  The  -insight  into  this  ]-hase  of  boyhood  leo.ds 
us  to  feel  that  the  Greeks  recognized  the  importance  of 
physical  education  cind  supervised  sport.  The  institution 
of  the  national  games 'was  eetCvblished  as  a nieans  of  inten- 
•sify  in  g’ national  consciou-^'ness^  * and  it  'seems  that  the 
Greeks  ’rust  have  deemed  it  vvise  to  becrin  instillin*^  this 
into  the  youth  of  the  nation  at  £in  early  age. 

■^indar  leaves  one  fragn.ent  which  indicates  the.t 
civil  disturbances  like  all  other  forms  of  war  cause  chil- 
dren grea.t  suiiering.  He  says  "Let  himi-  the-t  giveth  tran'- 
quility  to  the  community  of  citizens^ look  for  the  bright 
light  of  m;anly  Peace,  when  from,  out  his  heart  he  hath 
plucked  hateful  faction,  laction  th-:\t  bringeth  poverty^  ana 
is  an  ill  nurse  oi  yoCith."^’  The  use  oi  the  familiar 
figure  of  the  nurse  is  well  emp'loyed  to  call  to  mind  the  • 
careful  rearing  children  received  excep-t  when  war  p-re- 
vented  it. 

1. -Olynipian  Odes,  VTII,  v.  65-71. 

Pythian  Odes,  VIIX,  v.  82-87. 

2.  -Pythian  oues,  vIiL,  v. 85-87. 

5 . -Introduction,  AAl I . 

4. -Eulogies.  Concord  in  the  Gtate. 


% rt  pk. 


gHSSS3SS^&SSSBSBSBS5SSi^BiSSSSS5^SSSSBB^^S55S^55i^SS5SS5S5SSSS^SSSSM^SSSSSS^B^B^^^^^SSi^^w^^^^MMBMMMMaH 

44 

Th^rfe  are  several  references  to  children  wiii chare 
noteworthy  hecau-  e they  cuetain  the  i'’-!  irr'yre -aion 

of  child  liie  which  v.e  lia-’-e  forp^eci  frcr::  yrevious-  inves- 
tigation. In  pror hesying  the  ’cirth  of  Zeus,  the  vcet 
says,  "and  they  shall  place  the  babe  upon  their  laps^and 
drop  nectar  and  surbrosia  upon  his  li_  s,  and  shall  ordain 
that,  ae  a aeligho  to  liis  irienas  among  men,  he  shall  ^e 
called  imnortal  Zeus."-^’  The  icture  of  the  fond  xn..rent- 
deities  is  but  a reflection  of  the  mortals  v\?ho  conceived 
their  images.  Likewise  we  finu,  "and  even  from  his  moth- 
er's lap,  he  hath  soarea  aronp  the  kuse3,"'“*a  passage 
whicri  gives  another  indication  of  the  r;ersonal  attention 
the  n'otliers  bestowed  upon  their  chiluren.  In  rego.rd  to 
the  x'0*2t  him. elf,  we  find  "It  was  the  gua-arennial  festi- 
val (ci  the  Pythian  games)  witn  its  rrocession  ol  oxen^wnexg 
as  a dear  Inlant,  I vi/as  lirst  cradled  in  swaddling  clothesh " 

A typical  characterization  of  young  chilv.uren  is  drawn  in 
Silenus'  words  to  Olynp.us,  the  Phrygic.n  hero:  "Poor  child 

of  a day!  you  are  childishly  prating,  in  boasting  to  me 
of  nioneyl""^’  Bacchyliaes  portrays  the  sam:e  characteristic 
in  the  passage:  "For  while  yet  in  girlhoov:^,  they  ha^  en- 

tex^ed  the  holy  x'levCe  oi  the  purx:de-gi rdled  goddess,  ana 
boasted  that  their  sire  far  surpassed  in  wealth  the  golden- 
haireu  consort  of  Zeus,  dread  lord  of  wide  dcnunion . " * 

1. -Pythian  Odes,  IX,  V.6C-32. 

P. -Pythian  Odes,  v,  v.  114-115. 

3 . -Fragments  of  Uncertain  Class.  1S3.  The  Birth  of  Pindar. 

4 . -Fraghient  £ of  ''•ncertain  Class.  157. 

5.-Frinic.  X.  v.  45-48. 


45 


The  buoyancy  and  exa,lta.ticn  of  y'uth  is  suggested  by  this 
sa.me  poet  in  the  lines,  "but  deceitful  Hope  h.-.s  crept  into 
the  hearts  of  rrien,  chilaren  of  a day.""*"*  It  is  evident 
that  the  da,ugLters  of  the  household  were  trained  in  house- 
hola  arts  anu  kep'b  unaer  the  supervision  ana  vigilance  of 
their  rr.others.  Thus  we  i ina,  "First  on  the  road  shalt 
thcu  be  followed  by  thy  happy  daughter,  while  she  advanc- 
eth  with  her  feet  besiae  the  leafy  branch  of  ay,  she 
whom  her  mother,  i\ndaesistrota,  hath  trained  in  all  man- 
ner cl  skill,  glaaly  linking  her  with  fair  ha,ndiw/ork  of 
m.any  a kina,"^^’  These  passages  seem,  to  be  a fair  inuic^- 
tion  that  from,  Pindar's  p'olnt  of  vier/  as  well  as  from: 
that  of  his  p reaecessor^,  children  livea  in  intimate  and 
affectionate  relations  with  their  elaers. 

The  references  to  the  attitude  of  parents  toward 
children  bear  'out  the  stsitement  just  m^aae.  Undcubtedly 
dynastic  ambition  figured  prominently  in  the  miotives 
back  of  such  rerfiarks  as,  "ana  brought  her  to  Locrus_^  that 
so -Time  might  not  destroy  him,  laying  upon  him.  the’  doom 
of  childksSness,  or  again,  "But  even  as  a son  born  of 
a wife  , is  loelcom'e  to  a father  Vvho  hath  already  reachea 
the  reverse  of  youth,  and  mi„keth  his  heart  to  glow  with 
happ'iness^  since,  for  one  who  is  aying,  it  a hateful  sight 
to  see  his  wealth  f-llina  to  the  lot  of  a master  who  is.  a 


l.-Epinic.  II T,  v, 75-73. 

a . -I'aiasns  ' Pongs:  On  Aeoladas  II,  v.  71-75.. 
3 . -Olympian  Odes,  IX,  v.  58- SC. 


46 


stranger  from  another  home."^*  However  in  eome  pa.-sa3;e  = 
the  motive  arrears  to  he  n: t entirely  -elfish.  For  in- 
stance, "ana  the  hero  rejoiced  at  seeing  the  son  that 
had  been .given  . him,  and  called  him  by  the  self-same 
naiiie  as  his  nother's  sire,"'^’  or  .'"There  it  was  that  she 
gave  iDirth  to,  and  behelo,  her  blessed  offspring."  In 
these  1 st  two  cases,  the  pleasure  seems  genuine,  sincere, 
and  i.ithout  trace  oi  ulterior  miotive.  In  a fragment  re- 
cently discovered  it  is  cle.o,rly  inaicated  that  chilaren 
were  regarded  as  a source  of  benefit  and  security  agai..st 
eld  age,  for  the  xost  says,  "het  he^whose  house  is  not 
reft  of  children  nor  utterly  overthrown  beneath  the  stroke 
of  stern  necessity,  liveth  ires  from  toilsome  labour.""^* 

The  C-reel  s_,  like  the  Hebrews,  app  reciated  the  fact  that  the 
sins  of  the  fathers  are  visited  upon  the  chilaren  even  to 
the  thira  anj.  fourth  generations,  for  we  find,  "May  I 
tread  tlie  s tr.xigiitest  path  of  lif  e^  th  ‘ t,  when  I die,  I may 
leave  my  children  name  the  t h th  no  ill-repute."^’  A 
very  notable  in^'tance  of  human  ni.ture,  occurs  in  the  story 
of  "uadne  who,  after  her  m.arriage  to  Poseiaon,  was  about 
to  bear  e.  cnila  to  Apollo.  In  order  to  conceal  her  shame^ 
she  took  her  child  to  .Arcadia,  where  "though  sore  distrevssed, 
she  was  fain  to  leave  him  there  upon  the  ground. Two 

1 .-Olym'ipian  Odes,  X,  v.  35-9C. 

2. -01ymipian  Odes,  Ix,  v.  31-63. 

3 . -Proceesicnal  Hongs:  On  Delos,  v.  1^-43. 

4.  -Maidens'  Pongs:  On  Aeolada6  i,  v.  S-11. 

5. -ilem:i^n  Ques,  vIII,  v.  36-36. 

6. -01yimpian  Ones,  VI,  vl  44-45. 


V 


/ 


.1 


3 


■1 


« ■ 


I 

I 


I 

I 

( 


i 


. . 

r }V|H 


• - .-.a1  i'J 

‘ ^ ^ r |h 


1 


I 


- » I . 

t - 


■V 


serpents,  so  the  tradition  goes,  took  care  of  the  boy  un- 
til he  was  foun:.  ’'y  Aepytus,  the  rialer  oi  the  country, 

’’for  it  hacL  been  hiauen  arsia  the  rushes  in  the  bounu- 

less  brake,  with  its  dainty  fora  steeped  in  the  golaen 
and  deep-purp'le  light  oi  2:-ansies;  thereiore  it  wao  th'^t 
his  mother  declared  the,t  he  shoula  be  called  ior  all  time 
by  the  undying  name  oi  I arm  s . • this  story  is  valuable 
in  this  discussion  because  it  shows  the  irr.rr.ortal  tendency 
of  story-tellers  to  develop  the  lire  oi  the  hero  irom  an 
obscure  beginning  so  that  the  plot  hinges  upon  his  iaen- 
tity.  the  importance  attaches  itself^ then^ not  so  much  to 
the  actions  involvea  in  the  obscurity,  but  in  the  device 

o 

itself.  '.\iadne  reminas  us  of  Hetty  Sorrel  ’ and  all  the 
other  women  to  w'hom  a good  nam.e  is  iriC-re  precious  than  the 
lives  of  their  chil.'.ren,  notwi thstan ,.ing  the  concession 
m.ade  in  this  case,  th  t sh  t was  "sore  distressed"  to  com- 
mit the  crime.  However  unforgivable  -Uadne  ' s a,ction  may 
seem',  it  must  be  borne  in  rr-ind  that  the  Greek  uramatic 
instinct  res;,  onaed  very  quickl^r  to  a them.e  wherein  the 
beasts  were  m;ade  to  champion  a cause  for  which  human  kinu- 
ness  was  no  rratch.  The  Romiulus  ana  Rernms  n.yth  is  an  il- 
lustration of  the  same  theme.  Hurtherm-.ore  the  treatment 
of  k'oses,  though  prompted  by  a different  motive,  was  iden- 
tical with  that  of  lamus,  a fact  which  seems  to  indicate 

!•-  "oiym.]  ian  Od^-s>  VI,  v.54-bS. 

2.-^  Fliott,  George:  ‘Adam  Bs’de,  p. 


M 


i'l 


/ 


■ ,X' 


*c 


' :'S 


48 


that  some  elements  of  thr  myth  ^ere  commori  in  other  lit- 
ers-tnres  an'’  so  the  invention  of  the  Greek  rvriters  should 
not  be  condemned  alone.  In  any  event,  it  seems  as  if  the 
stor;/  is  told  with  an  effort  to  create  dramatic  atmos- 
phere for  the  later  prestige  of  the  boy’s  descendants, 
and  the  conditions  surrounding  his  birth  should  be 
judged, I think,'  from 'that  point  of  vi^w.  "he  story  of 
^oronis,  who,  having  been  betrcye'"  by  Apollo, was  slain  w 
by  him,  but  whose  unborn  infant  as  she  was  burning  in 
the  funeral  pyre  v;as  rescued  by  the  god  him.self  be- 
cause, as  he  s»id,"  ’Ho  longer  can  I endure  in  my  heart 

to  slay  my  own  child  by  a.  death  m.ost  piteous, at  the 

1 

self-same  time  as  its  m.other's  grievous  doom,'  ” is 
noteworthy  for  the  -^eeling  shown  towar'^s  the  unborn 
child  by  the  father,  though  the  same  interest  on  the 
part  of  the  mother  would  be  natural  enough.  Certainly 
the  passage  is  indicative  of  fairly  humane  feeling  tward 
children  in  general. 

"he  referancer  to  childwrn  mao*  ty  eacn  ot 
poeus  are  comparatirely  fewer  than  in  other  author's  works 
which  we  have  discussed , but  the  pa'^sagee  indicate  much 
the  same  disposition  as  has  been  foun'"  In  previous  chantTJ 
The  content  of  the  poems  being  almost  entirelj^  in  praise 
of  athletic  prowess , affords  few  occasions  for  speaking  of 
child  life.  In  addition  to  the  impressions  of  the 


1. -Pythian  Cdes,  111,  v.  4C-42. 


- .fV^ 


• ' '■>  ■ 

. ..  ,*ir  ' 


*^.i-'  i • ^ ' -Tf.  ' ' '■  ■’  - ' ’ S-  H.  ■i<“('^,  « *5  ■ , - r-.ty» 

Sv,  -7.';  W*',.,^;.  'A'^'’.'5:'^?■.■^'^^^  "’'.C’.'S 


f V 3!‘Vt‘'..''  . ' ■''  '■%■■  r,,  • ■’“s.-'-a  ■•»'■,,  ,1'.  •,>.■ 

i i -a:f  ;rfp|Oi^»',iti' 

I S' ' fei*"’ jl’-'  L"i*i  ■■^  ' ' ' ■'  ■ ■'^  "'■■■•'•^  ■■  ■■  ■ » . “,  ''■■'Uilj  i iJjSf' 

BS5y;  I,  ■ ■ ■' 'iu^J’ik-''  ,. '■<'»^u4'/A'i  ■■>;  U-W^V'j  'i  U'fll  ' !'U 


attitude  of  the  poets  viihich  have  been  gained  from  pre- 
vious investigation,  Pindar  gives  us  a little  insight 
into  the  participation  of  Greek  boys  in  national  games 
ana  in  the  litL.idne  and  Corcnis  stories  he  impilies  that^ 
however  giiilty  of  cruelty  some  perverted  mind  might  be- 
comiS,  there  was  usually  ^^ome  defense  or  protection  for 
helpless  babies  whose  lives  ho.d  been  endangered. 


50 


PH/\pTTrp  VI 


y\F?C?^YLTJS 


On  the  part  of  several  wri ters'^'who  have  rr.ade  a 
studi^  of  the  tragedies  of  eschylus, there  eeerrs  to  be  an 
opinion  thc.t  in  the  majority  of  cases  his  characters  are 
D.cre  than  mere  participants  in  unravelling  the  plot,  in 
that  they  function  as  agents  for  the  development  of  some 
moral  or  religious  principle,  or  some  iaeal  type  of  qual- 
ity which  no  human  could  ever  more  than  hope  to  possess. 
For  this  reason  it  apq.ears  that  the  "heroic"  ana  "stern" 
qualities  are  emphasized  \ut  "t!;e  softer  ana  more  ten-'.er 
passions  are  touched  but  slightly"*^.  Fverp^thing  that  per- 
tains to  children  is  usually  linked  in  the  mind  with  "the 
softer  and  m;ore  tenter  passions".  whether  the  attitude  of 
Aeschylus  was  an  e'^ception  in  this  matter  is  n.y  concern  at 


The  srtisf  e,c  tion  aerivea  by  the  Greeks  from,  the  se- 
curity of  imimediate  posterity  hi:?  been  notable  in  all  the 


1. -Kai?h,  h . f . : The  Tragic  drama  of  the  Creels,  Oxford,  1896 

p.  76  ff . 

Jsvcns,  ?.P.  ;A  Kistor'y  of  Greek  Literature  froro  the  Fp.r- 
liest  ^-erioo.  to  the  death  of  den:csthenes, 

'"ew  York,  1891.  p.  2CC  f f . 

"''urray,  Gilbert:  A History  of  Ancient  Greek  Literature, 
London,  1911.  p'^ . S ‘'  o f f . 

Wheeler,  J.P.  ; dreek  Literature,  A deries  of  Lectures 

delivered  at  CcliimLia,  Tjniversitv,  New  York,  1919. 
ICS  ff. 

Jfibb,  F.r.  ; The  dpcwth  and  Influence  of  Cla  sical  Creek 
Poetry,  New  w^^k,  1893.  i . 166  ff. 

2. -Kaigh,  A.F.;  The  Tragic  Erama  of  the  Greeks,  p.?6. 


rj 


•i 


I 


1 

t 


i ,1 


f ^ 


y ' 


t 

/ 


( 


■V, 


Air: 


y 


/ r 


\ 


■;■ 'r^r '•••rr 


r 


o-uthora  thus  far  examined  an.::  it  is  n.  less  otvicus  in 
de.3c'h3^1us . 3i:  ring  cf  Teth^’-s  blest  with  rr.an.y  a chila, 

is  a airect  ma.nner  cf  stating  the  idea  which  appears  ircre 
picturesqueli'’  in  the  Vvcrds  of  f taen.nes tra  when  she  sees 
A garr.eir.non  r e tu rn ing ; 

"I  hail  iiy  lord  as  watch-cLcg  cf  the  fold. 

The  stai^  that  saves  the  shir:,  of  loft^'  rpci 
Main  colurr.n-grcp , a father's  cnli''  child"* 

or,  in  other  words,  the  onli''  hope.  Ccnverseliq  lack  of  a 

fairili^  was  regarded  as  a ver^'’  unpropiticus  sign  and  vvas  to 

be  avoided  bi''  ever^^'  yossible  means.  Thus  Orestes  ueclares: 

« ’ r*s,y  +he  hand  of  bod 

Far  r.^ther  smite  me  that  I childless  die’.' 

dhe  fact  that  the  oracle  oi  .Apollo  promised  4aios  that  he 

should  save  the  state  by  virtue  cf  his  chiialescness,  is 

an  in.^icaticn  of  the  importance  of  thi-s  price  to  be  paid, 

oince  Laios  was  willing  to  forego  his  oj;.portuni ty . In  the 

sane  p'lay,  the  choius  reitero.tes  the  fcrebcv^ing  dread  of 

ending. a family  line: 

’I that  ill-starred  pai^ 

The  v7ar-chiefs,  chilale.ss  and  most  miserable 
i-hc,  true  to  that  ill  name 
Of  i^clyneikes,  aied  in  impious  mood. 

Contending  overmuch."^ 

It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  -Aeschylus  appreciated  the 
value  and  necessity  of  a famil]?’  as  these  were  regaraed  in 
th^t  aay . 


1 . -Prometheus  ’^ound:  v.l4C.  All  quotati:ns  from  Aescnylus 
are  maae  from--The Tragedies  ol  Aeschylus,  A hew  Trans- 
lation by  F.H.  Flur'ptre,  New  Ycrk,(183S). 

0 . -Agamemnon,  v.839-8'^1. 

S.-'^he  Libation  Pcurera,  v.  993-9S4. 

4. -The  Ceven  .Again  :t  Thebes,  V.73S-P43. 
b.-The  Peven  Against  Thel.  es,  v.  824-8-'S. 


5? 


Another  obvious  characteristic  of  the  attituae  of 
the  Greeks  towaru  their  children  which  is  aj^U'-rent  in  Aes- 
chylus as  in  the  other  poets  I have  diacussed^  is  the  ten- 
der cc.re  bestowed  upon  young  chill. ren.  buch  references  as 
"She  nursea  it  like  a chila  in  swadaling  clothes"-^  or  "For 
n.e,  a babe  in  swaddling  clothes"^  or  again  "Be  of  good 
cheer,  ye  maidens,  mother  reared,  "'^ingjly  solicitude  and 
£i,t.tenticn  on  the  part  of  the  mother  or  nurse.  A very  homely, 
yet  familiar  i icture  is  vividly  portrayed  by  Filis;:.a  the 
nurse  of  Orestes,  when  she  says; 

"But  as  for  near  Orestes,  m,y  sweet  charge 
Whom  from  his  mother  I received  ana  nursed 
And  then  the  s?*rill  dries  rousing'  me  o'  nights. 

And  many  and  unprofitable  toils 

k’or  me  viiho  bore  them,.  For  one  must  needs  rear 

The  heedless  infant  like  con  animial, 

^Bcw  else  can  it  be?)  ;-.s  his  humor  oerves, 
i'or  while  a child  is  yet  in  swadaling  clotnes. 

It  epeaketh  not  if  either  hunger  ccm:es 
Or  passing  thirst, " 

It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  these  p-..S“ages  ";e::.r  out  j.:.re- 

vicus  o'servaticns  upon  this  ph  .se  of  chila  life. 

Aeschylus  m..ko3  several  casual  references,  (often 

by  \)sing  a metaphor  or  simile),  to  characteristics  -of  chil^ 

dren'.  In  reg'  rd  to  one  very  common  childish  habit,  the 

chorus  mentions  the  wail  of  the  new-born  infant,^  ana  Aegis- 

thos  sey.s,  "But  thou,  provoking  ’"ith  thy  childish  cries, 


1. -Lib^.ticn  Pour  era,  v.bSC. 

2.  -Libation  Pcurers,  v.1533. 

I. -the  Seven  Against  Thebes,  v.789. 
4.-'l'he  Libation  "^ourers,  v.  735-744. 

3.  -The  Llbs^tion  T^ourer-i,  v.597-6'C0. 


"0  . 


' ' w: 


’•_  •:r±:r  ■'■  ' - .'R 


'.  ^ 


T . -1  ..5 


* '.i*  ’ <7 


,4;T*  ‘-^  ^♦h'  ''.WH*'-  '•  !»•■  4 

'•P. 


• ■■  ."  , , « " . >■  ■'  ■'  , •■  I '- .■► 

Hr  .'’i  t . • ,:i3  ■ » - MC^-  ji‘?L  • :» ' . H/  IIJV 


v"^?ry^  '•■  ■*  -la 

■ "?*  ■■ 

• • *-  Wi>.  . * f\  t • 

,j  -j  «■■',  r 


' I ■ >' 

«l  ' 


/>  VV-ir:  J • :,yLf , „. 

■ ■'.  ■!*j-<-.  ■ ':  ■...  •■  •.  "M"i 

joifr  ■ »«' 


■ ’'r''-,  JiCv--i  :'  , '■ 


'•  <•* 


’♦-nC  ■i'^'  '^H^d 


4v  ' ..  :36 

■ '■’  ;‘.virv 


• .’.,  Ir  ••;  }•*'* 


I- 


<1^(2 


hr. • / ; im 


[V  ^ f ^ 

it  ^ ■.  * .f  “ *— “ - *' 

[ , Wi^ ' ejg •••• '-  rr.  ;^'ja‘"**'‘f|  |^g|i rug-  j ii.*:;  ■ 


A 

• :5= 


W‘^ 


■ ,e 


' 1 I . ■! 


'V,  '.±' 


^ -JL.  <:v  . it'i:  j ij.^'  •’>il  4 ' ' 


■i 


■iHMikas^u  *~>.  .'j  r.j«r  .K'  Ti 


rH  CV3 


mUtaei 

53 


now  be  lea  , 

The  of  chilaren  in  playing  witn  annib  .^niriials  ia 

suggesfea’.by  euch  p'a’^^ages  ae, 

"Since,  boy-like_jhe  r-ursuea 
A bird  upon  its  flight, and  so  doth  bring 
^pon  his  city  shame  intolerable."^ 

ana  again  in 

"So  once  a lion’s  cub. 


Tame,  by  the  children  lovea, 

_ Ana  fondled  by  the  old, 

-ft  in  his  arrrs  'twas  hepd;> 

. Like  infant  newly  born."''^ 

C-ose  observation  by  the  i oet  is  in^aicatea  in  the  lines, 

"Zeus  yet  may  hear  thee, and  his  resent  wru,th 
Seem  to  thee  but  as  chila's  play  of  aistress . 


'.vhere  the  cunning  of  childhoc--..  employed  to  gain  its  own 
en.rs  is  referred  to.  Irr^maturity  and  lack  of  develcp  riient, 
both  mental  and  physical,  are  characteristics  of  childhood 
about  which  the  breeks  sj  eak  very  often.  favorite  coia- 
i arisen  seems  to  h:;ve  been  the  frailty  of  old  age  ana  the 
helplessness  cf  childhooa.  The  Pythian  priestess  complains 


" nor  can  T nimbly  m.ove. 

Rut  rjn  with  help  cf  hands,  not  speed  of  foot; 
A woman  old  an.;x  terrifiea  is  nought, 

A very  child. 

ana  again  the  chorus  of  men  too  old  for  war  laments: 

"We  vvith  old  f ramie  little  honored. 

Left  behind  that  host  are  staying 


4 

D 


. -Agam.emnon, 

. -/  ga.memnon, 

. -Agamem;ncn, 

. -Prometheus 
. -■’un  eniaes. 


V.1608  - 16CP. 
V . .384-  .38  o . 
V.695  - 7C3. 
^cunu;  V.321  - 
V.35  - R9. 


Pesting  strength  that  equals  chilj.hooa's 
On  cur  ctaff;  for  in  the  boaorr] 

Of  the  boy,  life’s  young  say  rushing, 

Is  of  old  age  but  the  equal. 

Sc  far  thronghout  this  inve s tieaticn  eiriTjhasis  has  been 
laid  iifon  the  physical  care  bestowed  upon  chilvarsn  ana  Uj^- 
on  the  attention  given  their  skill  in  crafts  or  athletic 
grcwess  . Tn  only  one  ins tance, ‘^and  that  in  a fragrrent  of 
aisv.utea  authenticity,  has  any  reference  been  rriade  to  the 
rental  ueveloyment  of  the  child.  This  fact  does  not  irrgly 
necessarily  that  r revision  was  not  made  lor  education,  as 
we  conceive  it,  but  coupled  with  their  attitude  toward  the 
child  mind  as  it  arr  ears  in ‘Aeschylus^y  i t seems  that  physi- 
cal development  and  achiever-ent  was  eir.phasi.iea  in  the  early 
3'’8ars  and  ros}  ect  for  miental  growth  was  accoTvied  tljcse  who 
haa  reached  ma. turity.  For  instance  Henries  says, 

"'..e,  as  a boy,  thou  scornest  then,  forsootld‘" 
to  which  Prometheus  replies, 

■ "Ana  art  thou  not  a boy  and  sillier  far 
If  that  thou  thinkest  to  learn  aught 
from  me?"^ 

LikevVisa  Cly taemines  tra: 

"LIy  mind  thou  scorn’ st,  as  th.i/^twere  but  a girl’s." 
In  the  fb.imeni  ies  there  is  o.n  imp  lie.. t ion  of  the  wis^tom  of 
m.aturity  contrasted  with  the  lack  of  this 'same  quality  in 

1 .  -Agamemnon, -\T  . A’ 1 - 75. 

2 .  -■'^recep  ts  of  Cheiron,  "*^6  Hesiod,  The  Homeric  Hymns  ana 

Kom.erica,  from  a translation  by  K.r.  Evelyn  Vi’hits. 

3 .  -T=rom:etheus  Bound,  v,  ICC?  1CC9. 

4 .  -Agamemnon,  v.B68. 


c :>  W M 


^ ■»-./ 


55 


youth: 

"Go  to  your  homes,  ye  gre..t  ana  je..lous  Ones, 
Children  c-f  Fight,  and  yet  no  chiluren  ye;"^ 

Of  course  '/iie  tc-day  do  not  creait  a chila  v».  ith  the  sense 
which  comes  of  maturity  but  we  scarcely  holu  the  chila 
mind  as  senseless  or  an  object  of  acorn.  Ay- ...rent ly  Aes- 
chylus was  loath  to  ad.mit  that  children  h..,..  ’-he  :.ov;er  to 
reason,  or  at  best  th'-:t  they  could  perform  any  bub  the  very 
simy  lest  mental  yrocesBea.  I fina 

"lH'ho  is  so  childish  or  so  reft  of  sense^ 

As  with  his  heart  aglow 

At  that  fresh  uttered  message  of  the  -^lame^, 

Then  to  wa^  s.-.d  at  changing  rumior's  souna."^ 

ana  also 


" p-ij-t  those  woes  of  m.en. 

List  ye  to  them, how  they,  before  as  babes, 

Py  me  were  roused  to  reason,  taught  to  think. 

A slight  cor.cession  to  his  previous  attitude  is  evi^.ent  in 

the  passage 

"What  hast  thou  spoken  now 
With  uttero.nce  all  too  clear? 

Even  a boy  its  gist  might  iino-erstand , 

but  there  is  clearly,  a lack  of  coniidence  in  the  child's 

ability  to  use  his  mind. 

The  horrors  of  war  as  they  affect  chiluren  ^re  ue- 
scribed  in  various  pheses  by  Aeschylus  just  as  by  Komer. 
'^he  departure  of  very  young  sol.iiers  who 


. -Pun.enides , v.987  - 988. 

. - Agamemmon,  v.463  - 483.  ' 

. -Prorr;etheu  .s  Pound,  v.450  - 452. 
.,  - A gam,  eir:n on , v . 1 : 3 d - 1 i 3* ; . 


56 


"Pel'ore  the  rites  thet  cull 
Their  fair  and  fir^^t-ri^e  fruity 
To  take  a hatefv.l  journey  from  their 

has  always  carried  vith  it  sinister  significance  fcr  the 

future  of  the  nation,  in  itself  the  gre:..  test  conaemnation^ 

cf  war.  The  tragedy  of  "childless  sires"~as  a result  of 

war  is  a strain  uy  on  which  the  chorus  har-j  s ana  y arai-hrases 

in  such  gruesome  aetail  as 

"And  cries  cl  oieeding  babes. 

Of  children  at  the  breast,  „ 

Are  heard  in  liteous  wail,"*'' 

/ 

or  again, 

"For  these,  lo’w-fallen  on  carcases 
Of  husbands  ana  of  brothers,  children  too, 

By  aged  fathers,  moiirn  their  dear  one^’  aeath, 

.'^na  that  with  threats  tncit  are  no  longer  free."*^ 

Although  the  helpless  had  to  submit  to  such  atrocities,  the 

S2;irit  of  vengeance  is  manifest  in  such  an  exhortation  as 

"0  sons  of  Hellenes,  forwara,  free  your  country; 

Free  too  your  wives,  your  children,  and  the  shrines 
Built  to  your  fathers’  Gous_,^nd  holy  tombs 
'^our  a,ncestor3  now  rest  in.""^ 

It  has  been  observea  that  the  treatment  of  children  in  war 
is  recisely  the  samie  among  the  Greeks  as  among  all  other 
nations,  and  history  has  sho'Nn  that  the  normal  attitude 
cannot  be  Judged  upon  such  evidence.  It  is  'worthy  ol  note, 
ho'..ev  = r,  that  in  two  in'S tances^in  the  Persians,  Aeschylus 
mentions  practically  every  outrage  of  war  excs]-t  that  con- 


l.-The  !^'even  /gainst  Thebes,  v.3?4  - 337. 
£.-The  Persians,  v.531  - 583. 

3. ~i'>-,e  Against  "^hebes,  v.3T9  - 341. 

4 . -Agamemnon,  V.317  - 3FC. 

5.  -The  Persians,  v.4C4  - 407. 

3. -The  Persians,  v.133  if;  v.b4-C  - 


I ■”  r" 

boo . 


m ' 

. k 


I; 


J CJ  r* 

a.  I • i'A 

I - 


1 


1 


cerning;  cb  ildren  ^but  the  8 ignif  icc^nce.  wh  ich  this  .f^ct  a.s.ij.n:ea- 
a,t  firat  was  diminishea  later  by  the  _..diBC-over^y  of,  the  pas- 
sage s quo  be',',  above.  " ' . 

There  rerrain  the  p aesagas^which  refer  to  the  parri- 
cides with  which  the  action  of  the  Oresteia  I's  concerned. 

The.  details  of  this  series  of  crimes  woula  be  sufficient  evi- 
dence ccmx^letely  to  contradict  the  impression  obtained  tiius 
far  in  respect  to  the  relations  between  parents  ana  children^ 

r 

if  it  were  not  for  the  fact  that  scholars  and  critics  of 
Aeschylus  make  what  s^ems  to  me  a sat i sf cictOry  explanation 
of  them.  T ha.ve  mentioned  before  that  the  characters  in 
the  tragedies  act  as  agents ‘for  the  development  of  some  r^oral 
or  religious  principle.  It  follows, ' therefore,  that  in  the 
';'re3teia  the  p,oet  is  trying  to  assert  the  principle  of  retri- 
bution  in  respect  to  sin  and  sc  for  this  reason-, the  charcx- 
ters  play  their  roles  in  confcrmiity-  to  the  unaerlying  pur- 
pose of  the  work.  It  is  justifiable, to  ccncluac,  then,  that 
an  im.pression  formed  from  these  references  woulu  be  net  only 
unfair  to  the  0^03^^  as  a part  of  eocisty,  but  entirely  false ^ 
Aeschylus  off ers, then, no  reason  for  a departure 
from  the  impression  gainea  from  this  investigation,  but  rath- 
er contributes  a strong  additional  link  in  this  sai>:e  chain 
of  evidence.  The  consensus  seems  to  be  thi.'t  this  ].  oet  sac- 
rifices "the  sefter  and  m;ore  tender  passions"  to  erfiphasize 
the  .sterner  virtues.  On  this  recount  I was  interested  in 

1 . gamemn'' n,  v.  148  - 15C;  V.1CS4-1066;  v.  1189-1196;  v.lf-13- 
1214;  V.1296-17C2;  v. 1488-1491;  v. 1537-1571;  v. 1583-1584; 

The  Lioation  Tourers,  v.  1C55.  All  -chese  passages  refer 
to  Iphigeneia  or  the  children  ol  Thyestes. 


58 


I'cvking  a compariecn  of  t-ae  n'''’n’ter  of  referehceo  to  chil- 
dren in  escljylus  with  those  in  Hoir':er,  ii;hc,  though  he 
aealt  with  a theyre  becoming -to  an  epic  poet,  ia  conccv^ea 
nevertheless  to  have  written' of  gentlefolk,  a term  well  ae- 
finea  by  Tennyson  when  he  said,  ' 

" gentleness  ■ 

^’’hich,  when  it  weds  with’ manhoc’d,  makes  a man."’^ 

It  was.  found  that  the  references  to  children  in 

\ 

Aeschylus  are  nearly  two  and  one-half  t.imes  as  numerous 
as  those  in  the  Iliad  and  the  odyssey.  However  in  Aes- 
chylus there  -are  no-  such  vivid  scenes  of  tenderness  ana 
affecti-on  as  Hector's  farew'ell  to  his  '-.ife  -and  boy,  Patro- 
klos  weeping  like  the  little  maia  who  runs- along  at  her 
mother's  -side,  or  Phoenix'  patient  endurance  of  the, in- 
iant  Achilles'  helplessness,  but,  on’ the  other  hand,  his 
ref erences  are  expresaed  in  a more  casual  and  comiron;  lace 
ir.i;^nner  although  his  attitude  is  'essentially  the  same.  It 
is  certain,  therefore,  that  this  poet  was  familiar  with 
chilaren  anl  disposed  towar^  them  in  much  the  same  kindly 
way  as  any  other  normial  adult  seeirs  to  have  been  inclined 
at  this  time. 


1. -Ceraint  and  Enid,  v.868 

2.  -Total  number  of  lines  in 'Aeschylus  exclusive  of  frag- 

ments, 8C99:'  total  number  of  references  to  children  in 
these  lines,  33.  Total  number  of  lines  in  Iliaa  and 
Odyssey,  278C3:  total  number  of  references  to  children 
in  these  lines,  47.  References  in  re.schylus  exceed  those 
in  Iliad  and  Odyssey  by  the  multiple  2.41. 


k .1 


tv 


Hit**  • ' . . 4'^ 

^ V -'  y-  ^j?rrT 

Sv'^  ’’  -FT 

It  ■ t'.  ■ .:  ■ II 


Pi  ‘V  '.  ..lPi:‘S< ' * ' .'ii3’V^Ji®  •^^JBCiJ 
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fo  • *--.  ' - ;. *■  ^ ;■• ; • ^ 

l/  .-■•'•  .•..■-vi'.-inii.iWi^i  ; ■''^■•i^.,i»'tt>,  j^-i . oi^r'agl.  ■.'f  j 

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■‘#.V4>  *,?| 


> ^^'1,  r .« -'1  .i  !7''  ir''''X.Y  . ’ 4K4 

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CH.APTT^P  VI T 


POPHOPLPg 

The  ox^inions  with  regarcL  to  the  work  oi  Toilicclee 
vary  accoraing  to  the  interest  ana  viewpoint  of  the  echc- 
lare  who  hold  then.,  but  there  seems  to  be  one  ^.oint  that 
the  majority  accents,  which  linds  expression  in  auch  term, 

as” the  envisagement  of  life unJerliea  the  Popho- 

clean  drama,  "the  endless  wonaerfa Iness  of  life, 

that  is  what  Pophocles  gives  ” 'who  saw  life 

steadily,  and  saw  it  whole'  "the  aim  oi  Sophocles  was 

to  humaniiiie  tragedy”.^  It  seems  to  me  that  nowhere  is 
this  interest  in  and  tender  sympathy  with  huma.n  liie  m.cre 
obvious  than  in  his  treatment  of  children,  but  usually  he 
presents  the  facts  as  they  are,  and  leaves  the  reaaer  to 
draw  his  own  conclusions.  It  will  be  fitting  therefore, 
to  examine  the  references  to  children  in  order  to  decide 
what  the  poet's  c^ttitude  towar^*.  then'  was. 

Like  his  predecessors,  Sophocles  seems  to  hL.A/e  con- 
siderea  the  famiily  as  a blessing  of  primie  importance,  for 
he  emipnasi^es  the  nisfortune  of  childlessness  in  a ref- 
erence to  Deianeira: 

l.-J.W.  Mac kail;  Lectures  on  Greek  Poetry,  p.l54. 

L.-J.w.  Mackv..il:  Lectures  on  Greek  Poetry,  p.l5b. 

3. -R.'"'.  Jebb;  Classical  Greek  Poetry,  p.l83. 

4. -A.F.  Haigh:  The  Tragic  Drarria  of  the  Greeks,  p . 141 . 


60 


"The  poor  soul  wept,  ue  she  uiu  look  on  tiiecr., 
Still  colling  out  upon  her  evil  fate. 

Her  future  lot  of  utter  chilulessness ; " 

ond  olso  to  Tlsctra: 

"Ana.  go,  ah  I piteous  fats  I 
Childless,  unweaaea  still; 

Again,  when  Oea/pus  recounts  the  tragedy  of  their  houoS 
to  his  chilaren  he  says,  "iv'y  cliilareni  but  ye  needs  nus  t 
waste  away,  unwedded,  childless,’"^  for  the  suffering  of 
his  children  was  part  of  his  own  punishment.  Another  el- 
ement in  the  life  of  a normal  family  is  manifested  in  the 
Wards  of  Cly taemneetra  when  she  eays, 

"Wondrous  ana  strange  the  force  cf  mctherhooal 
Though  wronged,'  a mother  cannot  hate  her  chil- 
dren . " 

ana  the  sams  iaea  is  also  expressed  aptly  in  a fr=.gment, 
"Sons  are  the  anchors  of  a aether's  life".^  Maternal 
love  e.q.ressed  itself  o,lsc  in  personal  care  for  little 
chilaren  or  provision  for  their  neeas  by  the  emrlcyment 
cf  nurse.s;  such  care  and  provision  was  net  maae  by  mothers 
alone  but  might  be  shared  in  a large  part,  at  least,  by 
the  father,  or  an  elder  sister.  Beianeira'^  when  enumex^ - 
ating  the  responsibilities  involved  in  rn.arri_.ge,  spsaas  of 
the  mother  vvhose  rest  is  broken  by  the  crying  infant  wniie 
Antigone  m.entions  the  young  mother  and  her  baby  in  a sim- 


l.-The  Maiaens  cf.Trachis,  V.SC9-911.  All  quotc^tiens  are 
maae  from  "The  Tragedies  of  Sophocles"  by  E .” .Plump tre. 
New  York. 

B.-El«o^:ra,  v.  166-167. 

3 .-Oedf^pus,  the  King,  v.  15C1  - 1502. 

4. -Elsctra,  v.  770  - 771. 

5.  -Fragment  512. 

6.  -The  Maiaens  of  Trachis,  v.  148  - lol. 

7.  -Antigone,  v.  917  - 918. 


OJ  tJ)  I-' 


ilar  connecticn.  Cns  very  striking  passc^ge  shows  th^t 
mothers  felt  responsibility  an.::  the  ■ neces si ty  of  locking 
cut  for  their  childrens’  v;elfars,  namely,  when  Antigone 
says, 

"I  had  not  done  it  had  I come  to  be 
A mother  with  her  children, _had  no,t  u.area^ 

Though  ’twere  a husband  dead  that  moulasrea  tiiere. 
Against  my  country’s  will  to  bear  this  tcii.'"^ 

thcugh  he  were  "like  a child  without  its  nurse"  Cc^sual 

references  to  nurture^and  the  nurse^  are  ma.de  in  the  Oea- 

ipus  plays,  but  a new  figure  interested  in  the  care  of 

young  children  is  introduced  in  the  character  of  Elsctra 

whose  love  and  devotion  to  her  brother  elicits  profound 

aamiraticn.  One  illustrative  case age  will  suffice: 

" Ah,  rrdse ruble  meJ 

For  all  the  nurture,  now  sc  profitless, 

’^biich  I was  went  with  sweetest  toil  to  give 
For  thee,  my  brother.  Never  did  she  love. 

Thy  mother,  as  -I  loved  thee;  ncr'aia  they 
Fhc  uweli  within  there  nurse  thee,  but  ’. twas  I, 

And  I was  ever  called  thy  sistt;r  true."^ 

It  is  not  surprising  that  a woman  who  was  capable  of  such 
crimes  as  Cly taemnest ra  coula  find  no  inclination  to  care 
for  the  child  whose  father  she  haa  murdered,  but  the  same 
circumstances  may  have  serveu  to  strengthen  the  bend  be- 
tween the  child  and  his  elder  sister.  From  the  plea  of 
Oeaipus  that  Creon  look  after  his  girls,  though  the  boys 
woula  be  able  to  care  for  themselves,  it  is  eviaent  that 


.-Antigone,  v.  9C4  - 0C7. 
.-Philoctetes,  v.  7C1. 

.-Oeappus  at  Coloncs,  v.  344  - 345. 
.-Oeet'pus  at  Coloncs,  v.  678  - 680. 
. Oe^fpus  the  King,  v.  1069  - 1C93. 

5. -Flectra,  v.  1143  - 1149. 

6 .  -Oe...|:fius  the  King,  v.  145Sff. 


woiLen  were  sheltered  throughout  .their  lives.  Kov/ever 
there  is  uncther  glirr.pse  of  fs^ri.ily  life  which  is  note- 
worthy because  of  the  relat ionshij.:  of  father  and  children 
which  it  reveals; 

"But  my  two  poor  girls,  all  aesclate. 

To  w'hoir.  my  table  never  brought  a roeal 
Vi'ithcut  my  presence,  but  whate'er  I touched 
They  still  partook  of  with  me;  — care  fcr  these, 

Oedipoij,  too,  expresses  the  priae  and  pleasure  of  father- 

hoou  in  the  lines, 

"My  chilaren'o  face,  fcrscoth,  was  sweet  to  see. 
Their  birth  being  what  it  was  . 

Thus  in  pictures  that  are  usually  graphic  ana  always 

istic  the  poet  inaicatee  the  imp  orta.nce  of  chilu  nurture 

and  training. 

Sophocles  does  not  fail  to  include  among  other  char- 
acteristics of  which  he  makes  note,  the  im.r.aturi ty , ooth 
mental  and  phy-ical,  which  has  been  em.phc.,oioea  by  the 
other  poets  investigated.  Crecn  as  ruler  of  Theres  re- 
sents the  suggestions  of  young  Kaem.cn  who  cpuestions, 

"Boat  thou  not  see  thou  speakest  like  a bcy?"‘^  Hot  only 
a hasty  temp'. r but  also  a hasty  tongue  is  considered  a 
chilaish  characteristic  by  this  poet,  for  v.e  find  "Kush, 
boy!  fcr  silence  brings  a thousand  gains."  The  fact 
that  without  any  sense  or  appreciation  of  values  the 

1 . -Oedipus ' the  King,  v.  1461  - 1465. 

B.-fedjpus  the. King,  v.  1375  - 13'?6. 

3.  Antigone,  v.  735. 

4. -Fragm.ent  ICB . 


SS 

chilc^  is  al'vi'ays  attracted  "by  badcles^ illustru,tes -failure 

N 

' of  his  mental  processes  to  function  with  intelligence. 

Thus  the  lines, 

"When  shar]:  cold  spreaas-  through  all  the  a-ether  clear. 
And  chilursn  seize  a crystal  icicle, 

At  first  they  firmly  hcli  their  nsw-fcund  joy; 

But  in  the  ena  the  melting  mass  nor  cares 
To  slip  away,  nor  is  it  gcou  to  kee^."l 

The  gu,y  s3Do.ndonment  of  childhood  "when  ignoro-nce  ie  hliso" 

is  brought  cut  in  the  lines, 

^ "Young,  we  leaa  a life 

Of  all  most  joyous,  in  cur  father 'o  house, 

For  want  of  knowledge  is  our  kinaly  nurse; 

ana  again  in  "Childish  and  w^^^ak  is  he 
Who  Isarnetli  to  forget 

The  x^arents  that  havb  perished  mi sora-cly;  " 
where  it  is  clear  that  the  thoughtlessness  ana  selfish- 
nes.-j  of  children  is  inaicc^teu.  The  proverbial  weakness  of 
girls  is  recognized  where  Heracles  bemOu-.ns  the  situc-ticn 
in  which  he  "like  a girl  maist  weep  :-.na  shriek  in  pain".'* 
Finally,  there  ie  an  all-inclusive  inference  as  to  child- 
ren6 ' we4*knesses  in  the  simple  statement,  "The  aged  man 
, becomes  the  •child  again,  " for  senility  gradually  dim.in- 
ishes  the  pov.'ers  of  mind  ana  b,dy.  It  ought  to  be  noted 
perhaps,  that  these  ref'^rences  were  not  a sinister  reflec- 
tion upon  children  but  w-re  eviaence  simply  of  lacz  of 
developm.ent  and  maturity. 


1. -Fragment  150. 

5.  -"fragment  617,  v.  3 - 5. 

3 . -"^lectra,  ■ V . 143  - 146. 

4. -The,  I'aidens  of  Trachis,  v. 

6 .  -Fragri.en t 4’54. 


1C71. 


64 


It  is  nctewcrthy  thi.t  childron  took  in  relip-ious 

rite^s  that  w^re  perfcrmsa  in  public.  This  is  in-.icj.tea  in 
such  Messages  'Uo, 

"It  is  not  that  we  deeu  of  thee  a-,  one 
Equalled  with  Gods  in  pcv.er,  thc.t  we  sit  here> 

These  little  ones  and  I,  a.s  sup^-li^nts  p.rone"t 


One  is 

reminasa  of 

th 

t oday . 

EurysakesS 

is 

emcn'^  v 

•.:rf crr:';ed  over 

case  th 

e fact  that 

th 

^'w^'  vv  -»  uiisi.  004-';;  XI  c — X ^xoochuxj'  oA— 

i-lains  his  importance'  in  the  scene.  Teucros  und  Eury- 

sakes  actually  hear  the  corpse  to  its  final  restiny,-;^-lace, 

as  is  ehev/n  bp  the  lines, 

"And  thou,  0 boy,  in  thy  love, 

’•'’’ith  all  the  strength  that  thou  hast. 

Here,  with  thy  han^  ,n  his  eiue,,. 

Thy  father’s,  Ixft  him.  v.ith  me, 

for  to-d..,y  it  ’.voula  scarcely  be  ccnsi'„ered  fittin.i,  for  the 
chief  liiCurners  to  take  part  in  this  way.  The  circumis tances 
ci  this  scene  are,  of  course,  unusud,  for  Aia.s  h-.d  to  be 
buried  in  utmost  h^ste,  cut  the  passage  as  a whole  fur- 
nishes aur.irabls  svisence  of  the  affect ion^^te  family  rs- 
laticnohips  which  existed  among  the  Greeks. 

There  are  several  references  in  Sophocles  to  chil-..ren 
suffering  either  oec...use  of  war  or  the  death  of  their 


1. -0fcucpU3  the  King,  v.  31  - 33. 

2. -Aici.s,  V.  1168  - 1164. 

3. -Aias,  V.  14C9  - 1416. 


' ' ^ 

• • '•  ^'i 


•*  /'  • wm 

'■  ' ■ . / ‘'I 

■ '/ *■  V-V--  V ■ If  , 


'5^;''  ■ ■ - -•»«^'  V-  r-’  V • Its  , 

■■'  r^-‘  •' •.  ^ •'W  ■ '*< 

Wi  V;  • . v.tj  ...  , 

* !**■••,"'  ■ **■  ■ '•".  '**  ■ ■'""i 

MaiS^  J 


/>,  '-'iV  . 


r-m^. 

\A{  , .^''c 

■-  Jil  kJ*w;  iS  ai  *1  ■?  2^ 

'v  ■ ■ ■•''#:•  -.;.v  . . ' ’ 

E-:’'  ■■-  - ■ ' " '• 


f , >:■ 


V '.",(»  ■»'‘^‘  - •-!  *,-,1  ■..  **..  •<1*1,,^.^  <'  .‘3 

.%  *. . fj«aapB^-r  «,V- * 

Jf’|«A**''  *•  W*«  ■•  - • flWl  ^ .f^iM 

• .<  J' ;*  ■ . 1 j.  ^ 

'Jtv  ' • . wm-ABK  ^ V ■•  k ■^,  '<*’^sIiSBB  + 


'■!  ’ ' 't'  -15 


>*• 


65 


enta.  One  of  the  rucet  often  qucteo.  con^.e2r.nc.t i^ne  of 


13  ■ 

sxgressed  in. 

"And  on  the  earth. 

5 till  breeding  lolague,  un::itiedL  infants 

lie. 

Cast  out  all  ruthlesslv- ''r 

> 

again  Aias  says  of  his  wife. 

ic  leave  a v.iuow  with  her  or,dianed  child 

ii.mong  m.y  foeo."<::; 

The 

fact  that  guardians  isre  often  as  harsh  then  a,:i 

txiey 

are 

tv.,  u.o,y,  vi/hen  it  is  nece3s...ry  for  prcoa.ticn 

Oil  ic 

ers 

to 

rctect  childiu-n  ^.gainst  m.is treatment  on  ohe 

part 

of 

the 

gUwrdio.n;3  .j  is  plovin  in  Tecmiossa’s  plea  with 

her 

huo- 

b...nd 

which  bso-in.s  with  the  lines,  sufficiently 

illus 

tra- 

t ive 

in  themiselves. 

"Pity,  0 king,  thy  bey,  ane  think  if  he, 

Leprivea  cf  childhooo-’e  nurture,  live  bereuved 
Beneath  unfrisnuly  guardiane,  ..hat  ,3cre  grief 
-*xcu,  in  thy  death,  ucet  give  to  hiir.  ana  me. 

It  ic  evident  also  tnat  kindly  rslat ion.;iiip 3 existea  ocme- 

times  cet'fl/ecn  cri.hans  aiv.\  their  gua.raians,  for 

»*h^m  Alas  haa  ax-'d/Cinted  to  watch  over  tno  ocy  Eurye^.aes, 

aenus  icr  him  immediately  after  the  father '.e  aeath: 


why  bring  ye  net 


^ith  quickest  sgecd  the  bcy,"leot  any 'foe 
oei^^ie  him.,  ae  'A'help  of  lonely  lioness? 

CtC, hasten  , -.ork  together.  All  are  wont 
0 tiSc.,t'  i th  scorn  the  dead  th._.t  2..rcbtr;^te  lie 


l.-0ea^^^V3  the  King,  v.  176  - 1?9. 
^ iao , V . 655 


^ . 


.-Aias,  V.  olC 


- 000 

- ol3 


I 


66 


• Cher:  "And  while  he  lived,  0 ""eacres,  thse 

he  charge U.J, 

For  thie,  his  bey  to  c^rv,  new  thou  c^.r'e 
Another  such  ■ fcrte.nate  relati  :nship^  clearly  exioted  b^e- 
tv.sen  Orestes  ana  the  li.c^n  ..hvrt  Flectra  chose  tc  c.-re  for 
nir:.  Con.ewhat  the  sar:.e  a.o'-ersicn  tc  an  illegitimate  child 
wlcS  felt  then  no  for  fin...  Oedipuo  o/..*ying. 


a man. 


At  supy  or,  ■ in  his  cu^.s,  ;;i tn  .vine  c ' .ertakgn^ 
neviles  me  a.s  ^ s^..uricuc  chan.o-linr-’  bcv." 

That  the  innocent  victim,  cf  the  2;o.rents'  sin  should  suf- 
fer for  it  dees  net  obscure  the  ing.  lico-ticn  in  this  ref- 
erence thc.t  the  decent,  respectable  members  cf  Creek  so- 
ciety shunnea  everything  ccnnecteu.  with  Icc^e  scci....l  re- 

I 

lc4,t ienship o,  theoretically  u.t  ls„st.  The  bit  of  c^uvice 
fer  bcy.s,  preserved  in  a fragment,  refers  in  the  ccncluo- 
icn  tc  the  neglectec.  training  cf  "the  chilaren  of  ^ f^^th- 
er  f^r  from  h_r..®,"  words  which  seem  tc  inaic...te  ta.-.t  lit- 
le  ^.revision  was  made  fer  chilaren  e-:cept  by  the  j„...rents 
themselves . 

A few  references  can  be  cenoidered  cnly  in  co.nnecticn 
with  the  plot  of  the  play  froro  which  they  t.^ken.  Tne 

Ooaipus  ■ theme  is  ba-sea  upen  the  j-nophecy  of  the  cracle 
which  lea  Laius  to  try  to  ao  avvs.y  with  his  son  tc  prevent 
■the  fuliillmciit  cf  the  -.oras  cf  the  seer.  This  e'cplains 


l.-Aias,  V.  986  - S91. 

2;-Flectra,  v.  1C  - 15. 

3. -Ceaipus  the  ping,  v.  778  - 78C. 

4. -  Fragment  779. 


cH- ' 


iH  CJ  to 


.iiczeicrs,  :;he  fact  that  Pclyooa  brcujht  uy  Oeai^.u:o^^rici 
the  affectionate  feeling  for  the  boy  icj  clear  in  the  lines 
"Ana  cculwc  he  loT^e  .another’s  chila  so  nucn? 

"Yos;  for  his  fcrr:er  chiiaiessnesa  wrought  ^n  hiir."  . 
•The  explanation  of  the  axposuro-  offered  again  in  tne 
w'oraa  of  the  she_^:herd~  and.  is  referred  to  by  Oedij.ua  in 
his  laiLon  trover  the  ^c^'j  he  re  a car  a by  the  shephera. 

"•"hese  dlusione,  then,  rr.uet  be  considered  in  the  light  of 
the  plot  which  accounts  for  the  notive  of  the  parents' 

^ c u X on « 

In  conclusion,  then,  it  seems  to  me  that  in  his  atti- 
tuae  tcwara  chilaren^Scphoclea  Jus’^ifies  the  common  Oj..in- 
ion  that  he  "s„w.v  life  stea.vily,  and  saw  it  whcle,  for 
he  aoes  not  neglect  to  mention  the  instances  o.na  circurr- 
st^nces  under  which  the  chilaren  far -a  c.:v^..ly  at  the  Imcnds 
oi  their  elders,  while  at  the  Stare  tiros  he  leaves  the  im- 
..rsssion  that  the  general,  ncrm.al  attituae  tcwara  chil- 
arsn  i.cko  ain;.;.ry  an....  intimate,  life  that  ■..■hich  ohe 

^ceti  aej.ict.  Tne  o^ iri'amw-Sv*.,  un . ici.3e>«ii  ^rowontw^— 
tion  of  the  fc*.ots,  therefore,  makes  the  wvttitu...e  of  du- 
^ixocl;;:.  very  Vc^luo-ble  in  thii  investigation,  ..^n.. 
w'ork  unusual  significance  for  my  purposes. 


. -Oedipus 

the  King, 

TT 

1C03 

ff  . 

. -Oedipus 

the  King, 

V . 

114.. 

- lx?3. 

. -Oedipus 

the  King, 

V . 

1 0 4 S 

- ,13ol. 

.-O.C.  Je 

bb;  Clw..ssi 

Cal 

c o V 

^ X ^ K/ 

: doe  try,  .183. 

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CHAPT'^P  Pill 


PPPI?ID?',9 

That  the  passages  in  Euripides  which  refer  to  chil- 
\*ren  are  ir.ore  nurcerous  than  in  any  other  poet  discu  seo. 

BO  far,  is  explained  by  Croiset,  "The  truth  is  that  Eur- 
ipides interests  us  less  in  well-considered  decisions  than 
in  instinctive  sentiirent  and  p.assion These  re- 

flections help  us  to  understand  the  importance  given  to 
young  persons  and  to  women.  A painter  by  instinct,  he 
was  naturally  attached  rather  to  impulsive  natures  than 
t.0  bhose  in  whom,  as  a r^ale,  moral  force  is  supposed  to  be 
P redOKi inant ^ The  fact  is  that  this  poet  is  preeminent 
in  antiquity  for  his  symipathetic  studies  of  womien  ana  chil- 
dren, and  accordingly  this  must  be  borne  in  rr:ind  when  the 
evidence  is  exam'ined.  However  Croiset  goes  on  to  say^ 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  is  lifelike  painting  of 

contemporary  society Less  and  less  respect  was  paid 

to  loyalty,  the  bonus  of  friendship,  or  family  affection — 

* ' view  of  the  em.phasis  laid  upjcn  the  chara,cters  of 
women  and  children  whom  it  is  natural  to  consider  in  the 
light  of  home  life  and  family  ties,  it  will  be  interesting 

1. -Croiset,  Alfred  and  Maurice:  An  Abridged  History  of 

Creek  Literature.  Translated  by  F.C.  Heffelbower.  p.2ril. 

2.  -Croiset  : p.2£':b 


^ V-  ‘ ■.  \ ^ ' ' .1-  . :-^  ■■  r^ 

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69 


in  the  consideration  of  the  data  to  note  to  what  extent 
the  above  staterrient  is  justified,  at  least  so  far  as  fam- 
ily affection  is  concerned. 

The  dread  of  prospective  mothers  is  eviaent  in  sever- 
al passages.^  r-uch  evidence  is  valuable  in  this  discussion 

because  it  makes  the  prolific  tendencies  of  the  Greeks 

of  (LffecftOT) 

and  the  normal  relationship^ between  mother  and  child  more 
significant . 

There  are  m:any  noteworthy  passages  which  indicate  this 

mutual  affection  between  mothers  and  children.  "Paartur- 

ition  with  attendant  throes  has  a wonderful  effect  on 

wom:en  and  somehow  the  whole  race  of  womien  have  strong 

2 

affection  toward  their  children."  This  is  a general 
statement  which  receives  confirmation  from  the  words  of 
Iphigenia,  "For  I,  perceiving  others  begetting  children, 
was  born  a lover  of  children,  and  was  undone  with  my  de- 

3 

sire  (of  themi),”''  or  the  lines  of  the  chorus,  "A  ter- 
rible thing  it  is.  to  be  a mother  and  it  bears  a great  en- 
dearment and  one  comm.on  to  all  so  as  to  toil  on  behalf 

A 

of  their  chilaren."  A pathetic  touch  is  introduced  by 


1.  -Medea,  v.  247-248.  All  quotations  from  Euripides  are 

miade  from  The  Tragedies  of  Euripides  Literally  Trans- 
lated or  Revised  with  Critical  and  Explanatory  Notes  by 
Theodore  Alois  Buckley.  London,  185C. 

Iphigenia  in  Tauris,  v.  1462-1463;  202-208. 

Ion,  V.  1457-1460. 

Suppliants,  v.  S12-915. 

2 . -Phoenician  Virgins,  v.  335-358. 

3 .  -Suppliants,  v.  1085-1087. 

4.  -Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  917-919. 


70 


the  chorus  in  lament  for  the  chieftains  slain  at  Thebes, 

"the  sad  memorials  of  m;y  son  lie  at  home,  shorn  tresses 

and  garlands  of  hair,  songs  which  golden-haired  Apollo 
1 

receives  not."  Other  evidences  of  the  relations  between 
m-others  and  children  are  indicated  in  passages  full  of  ex- 
pressions of  affectionate  sent imient'^,  in  passages  refer- 
ring  to  the  grief  of  m.others  for  their  dead  chilaren, 
to  the  desire  for  the  protection  of  children,  to  the  en- 
joymient  and  price  in  children.^  The  love  of  children  for 
their  m.others  is  also  portrayed,  an  especially  notable  in- 
stance of  this  rr.utual  feeling  being  clear  in  the  recogni- 
tion scene  between  CTa/sa  and  Ion.  ^ 

The  father  also,  it  3eem;s,was  closely  and  affection- 
ately associated  with  his  children.  "For  all  men  live  with 
an  affection  toward  their  cnij..^ren  nor  v-/ould  any  give  up 

g 

his  own  chila  to  die."  Hercules  corroborates  this 


1 .-Suppliants,  v.  978-981. 

3.  -Medea,  v.  1C18-1083;  1335-1839. 

Hippolytua,  v.  311-314. 

Hercules  Furens,  v.  379-380. 

Hecuoa,  v.  1155-1163. 

Troades,  v. 771-779. 

o.Trcadee,  v. 478-483;  735-737;  743-745;  784j  835-837;  1157- 
1203;  1132-1147. 

A Ices t is,  V.  183-185. 

Helen,  v.370. 

. Andromache,  v.444. 

Hercules  Furens,  v.  529-531. 

4. -Alcee-t is,  v.  163-167, 

Hippolytus,  V.  715-717. 

'''Andromache,  v.  445-446;  44-46. 

Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  622-627. 

5 .-Flectra,,  v.  doo-666. 

.^Icestis,  V. 333-334. 

Troades,  v.  478-482. 

Helen,  vv.  9-lC. 

5. -Alcestis,  V,  947-949. 

Flectra,  v.  1103-1105. 

7,  -Ion,  V.  1437. ff.  to  end  of  play,  1622. 

8 .  -Phoenician  Virgins,  v.  966-968. 


? S'-.  TP 


stateirent,  ”Ahl  They  v;ill  not  quit  their  hold,  but  cling 
so  much  the  fuster  to  my  garments.  Were  ye  so  ne»r  upon 
the  edge  (of  death?)  I v;ill  then  take  and  lead  these  with 
my  hands;  like  a ship  will  I tow  these  little  boats.  And 
sooth  I disdain  not  the  care  of  my  children.  All  things 
amongst  men  fin  this  respect)  are  equal.  Both  the  bet- 
ter class  of  mortals  love  their  children,  and  they  who  are 
of  no  account.  But  in  wealth  they  are  different;  (some) 

have,  some  not.  But  all  the  race  (of  mortals)  is  child-loving'J 

2 

Ion’s  birthday  party  tendered  him  by — 


1.  - Hercules  Furens,  v.  6E8-656 

2.  - Ion.  V.  649-667. 


72 


Xuthus  is  another  inaication  of  the  corriradeship  between 

fathers  and  sons.  There  are  many  other  passages  such  as 

that^  in  which  Hercules'  boys  add  to  their  mother's  grief 

by  continually  wailing  for  their  father,  but  it  will  be 

convenient  only  to  state  the  im.pressicn  which  the  evidence 

makes.  Evp^ressions  of  esteem,  loyalty,  and  regara  for  the 

fathers  by  the  children, , evidences  of  tenderness,  love, 

sympathy  on  the  part  of  the  fathers  for  their  children,*^ 

4 

miourning  for  children,  airbiticn,  provision,  preservation, 

R O 

and  protection  of  children,  joyful  reunions  after  war, 
indications  that  children  felt  some  obligation  to  recipro- 

n 

cate  the  services  done  them  by  parents,  and  also  ven- 

p 

gea.nce  of  injuries  received  by  fathers°,  are  included  in 
the  references  in  the  notes  below. 

According  to  the  p-^as sages  which  refer  to  the  early 
training  of  children,  it  is  clear  that  this  was  attended 
to  by  the  mother  herself,  or  else  by  a nurse  under  the 


1.  -Hercules  Furens,  v.  69-??. 

2 . -Suppliants,  v.  112C-1162. 

The  Heraclidae,  v.  468-4?0. 

'^Orestes,  v.  16C3-16C?. 

3.  -He Cuba,  v.  339-341. 

Hercules  Furens,  v.  52C-322;  1149-1150;  13?2-13?6. 
Supplia.nts,  v.  503- 5C 4. 

The  Heraclidae,  v.  415-414. 

Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  1256. 

Iv'edia,  v.  331-332. 

4 . -Iphigenia,  v.  396-399. 

Media,  v.  1321-1324. 

Hercules  Furens,  v.  329-331;  1179-1180;  136C-136u. 

5.  -Media,  v.  552-569;  609-613; , 912-918;  1300-1305. 

Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  1208-1209. 

Hercules  Furens,  v.  288-232;  316;  448-495;  574-575. 

6. -Trcades,  v.  20-22. 

7 .  -Suppliants,  v.  361-364. 

8 .  -Suppliants,  v.  1215-1‘^26. 


73 


supervision  of  the  rr.other.  Sometirr;es  the  nurse  was  a man,  ^ 

p 3 

sometimes  a wom:an,‘^  again  simply  the  m;other.  The  m^any 

references  to  the  personal  attention  which  miothers  gave 

their  children,  to  the  swaddling  clothes  in  which  infants 
5 6 

were  wrapped,  to  care  in  infancy,  are  additional  indi- 
cations of  the  watchful  attention  under  whicn  tne  child 
grew.  One  reference  to  tne  affection  of  the  nurse  for 

children  is  noteworthy:  " but  why  should  your 

children  share  their  father's  error?  Why  acst  thou  hate 
these?  Alas  me,  -y  children,  how  beyond  measure  do  I 
grieve  i.est  ye  suffer  any  evil.'"'^  It  is  gratifying  to 
observe  that  not  merely  for  the  iihysical  well-being  cf  the 
child  was  tne  parent  concerned,  but  also  for  tne  devel- 
oj;m;ent  ci  cnaracter,  ° one.  that  ihcuiu  e x;nibit  sucn  qual- 
itieo  as  manliness,^  xrudence^?  ana  leadersnip . The 
household  servants  seem  to  have  likea  the  children  of  tneir 
master,  lor  ti^e  m.essenger  reports  to  Medea,  "As  soon  as 


1 • “ M euecL,  V. 

S.-Troades,  v.  190  - 194. 

Iphigeuia  in  Tauris,  v.  834-830. 

3.  -Hercules  Furens,  v.  893-895. 

4. -Troaaes,  v.  1173-1177. 

Ion,  V.  318-319;  1371;  1374-1377. 
Orestes,  v.  1342. 

The  Heraclidae,  v.  rOS-712. 

Ipnigenxa  in  Tauris,  v.  219;  1253-1254. 

5.  -Ion,  V. 1358-1359;  1416;  1492-1493. 
o.-Icn,  v.o?6;  821. 

Hecuoa,  v.  4^.3. 

Ipnigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  x22C-12o8. 
Hercules  Furens,  v.  1237-1263. 

-Media,  v.  111-115. 

8 . -Suppliants,  v.  S12-S15. 

Helen,  v.  942-944. 

9. -Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  1461. 

10- The  heraclidae,  v. 770-773. 

11- Anarom.acne,  v.  719-720. 


4 . iii  • •• 


i>  >?V  ^i?ii  ;>,«r^.?i7Tt*i^  V 


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the  two  sons  were  core  with  their  father,  ana  had  entered 
the  bridal  house,  we  servants,  w'ho  were  grieved  at  the  ris 

fortunes,  were  deligntee-^j One  kissea  tne  ij.auu, 

anotner  the  auouriL  he  d of  tny  sons,  and  I also  n.yself 
followed  with  then,  to  the  wonien’e  apartrencs  through  joy.” 
Euripides  suggescs  some  cnaracceristics  of  children 
and  rrenticns  several  of  the  occupations  in  wnicn  they  en- 
gaged. Their  lack  of  deep  feeling  is  brought  out  clearly 
in  the  lines,  "But  these  her  children  are  coming  hither, 
having  ceased  from  their  e-cercises,  notning  mdnaful  of 
their  m.othe.'s  ills,  for  the  mind  of  youth  is  not  wont  to 

r*. 

grieve."  Lack  of  micntal  develofm^ent  which  iias  been  em;- 
phasized  by  other  poets,  is  noted  again  in,  "But  Orestes 
being  present,  Y/ill  cry  out  knowingly  words  not  knowii.g, 
for  he  is  yet  an  infant,"  and  particularly  witXi  regard 
to  youiLg  girls  in  tus  lines,  "Cease.  It  is  not  proper 

4 

lor  girls  to  know  tnese  miutters,"  where  the  expression 

"these  macters"  reieit-  to  death  ana  tne  nerea-fter.  There 

5 

are  also  references  to  the  beauty  of  cnildren,  and  the 
customjary  dislike  ol  oeing  left  aesolate,  whij.e  some  of 
the  occupations  referred  to,  such  as  chasing  the  aeer,^  or 

1. -Meaea,  v.  1136-1143. 

2.  -Medea,  v.  40-43. 

3. -IpKigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  465-467. 

4. -Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  66o-b67. 

5.  -Hercules  Furens,  v.  118-121. 

6.  -Ion,  V.  954-968. 


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tending  sheep,  ^ throw  'light  upon  their  work  and  play.  The 

boy  Ion  grew  up  in  the  temple,  apparently  acting  aa  altar- 
8 

boy.  It  was  clearly  customary  also,  for  chiluren  to  be 

3 

included  among  mourners  and  even  to  bear  the  remains  in 
the  funeral  procession.**  one  additional  indication  that 
children  played  an  imx-ortant  role  in  religious  rites  is 
'apparent  from  the  words  of  Alcmena:  "but  you  drove  me 

also,  and  my  children,  out  of  all  Greece,  sitting  as  sup- 
ylianta  of  the  Gods,  some  old,  ana  somie  still  infants." 

I group  together  the  references  to  orphans,  illegit- 
imate children,  guardians,  and  step-mothers,  because  the 
contrast  between  children  wncse  own  parents  were  spared  to 
them.,  and  children  less  fortunate,  is  significant.  The 
words  of  Eumielua  refer  both  to  orphanage  ana  his  grief 
for  his  miother:  "Alas  for  m.e,  my  state.'  rniy  mother  is 

gone  indeed  below;  she  is  no  longer,  my  father,  under  the 
sun,  but  unhappy,  leaving  me,  has  made  my  life  an  orphan's 
For  look,  look  at  her  eyelid  and  her  nerveless  arms.  Hear 
hear,  0 mother,  I beseech  thee;  I,  I now  call  thee  rr;other 
thy  young  one  falling  on  thy  mouth !/oung  and  de- 

serted, m.y  father,  am.  I left  by  m:y  rear  miother.  01  I 

1. -Cyclops,  V.  25-36;  71-73. 

3. -Ion,  V.  101-103. 

3.  -Hercules  Furens,  v.  439-446. 

.'Suppliants,  v.  1C6-1G7. 

4.  -Helen,  v.  1378. 

Suppliants,  v.  1165-1167;  1185-118S. 

5.  -The  Heraclidae,  v.  953-954. 


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76 


that  have  suffered,  indeed,  dreadful  deeaei  and  thou 

hast  suffered  with  r;s,  my  sister.  0 father,  in  .vain,  in 
Vain,  didst  thou  rcarr;/,  nor  with  her  diust  thou  arrive  at 
the  end  of  old  age,  for  she  perished  "before,  but  thou 
being  gone,  mother,  the  house  is  undone.  This  is  but 
one  of  the  several  references'^  which  inuicate  the  sctnie  at- 
titude of  distress  with  regard  to  orph:  nage.  The  ola 
theories  regarding  the  sins  of  the  fathers  and  the  innocent 
who  suffer  for  the  guildy,  are  brought  to  mind  by  the  lines, 
"A  pretty  custom  forsooth  that  chilaren  must  pay  tiie  price 

3 

of  a baa  woman, " and,  "For  that  which  is  not  honorable 
can  never  be  honorable,  as  neither  can  children,  the  un- 
hallowed offspring  of  the*  mother,  the  x-olluticn  of  the 
father.""*  However  orphan  ana  illegitimate  chilaren  in 
iruripides*  plays,  though  intolerant  of  their  xolights,  seem 
to  have  been  loved  and  carea  for  in  every  case  Vifhere  a 
griardian  is  mentionea.  Beginning  V‘jith  the  case  of  Ion 
whom  Loxias  trains  up,  " for  aside  from  her  aeterminat ion 

f* 

to  throw  him  cut,  her  pity  got  the  best  of  her,  " and 
including  Orestes'  guardian, ° staunch  old  lolaus,  the 

1. -Alcestis,  V.  4C2-415. 

2.  -Hercules  Furens,  v.  544-547. 

Hippolytus,  V.  79S. 

Hup, Hants,  v.  1126-1128. 

3. -Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  117C-1171. 

4 . -Phoenician  "^/"irgins,  v.  819-322. 

5.  -Ion,  V.  49-50. 

6.  -Orestes,  v.  462-433. 

7.  -The  Heracliaae,  v.  8-lC;  21-26;  32-34;  92-93;  297-299; 

321-334;  339-341;  424-461;  623-624. 


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lather  of  Hercules  who  was  left  in  charge  of  his  chil- 
dren,^ and  the  old  attendant  of  both  Agamemnon  and  his 
children,  this  affection  and  loyalty  of  the  guardians 
for  their  charges  is  conspicuous.  It  is  reasonable  to 
suppose,  however,  that  there  were  exceptions  to  these 
felicitous  relationships.  References  to  step-mothers 
indicate  the  proverbial  friction  ana  bear  out  the  assump- 
tion that  some  orphans  fared  better  than  others.  Thus 
I fina,  "Rever  will  I commend  the  two-fold  nuptials  of 

mortals,  nor  children  sprung  from  different  mothers,  a 

3 

strife  at  home,  and  hostile  grief,”  and  again,  "Right. 

For  they  say  that  step-dames  have  grudging  against  chil- 
4 

dren, " and  finally,  "Wives  are  always  wont  to  be  hos- 
tile  to  children  previously  begotten."  It  is  eviaent 
therefore,  that  the  child  who  grew  up  under  the  imimedi- 
ate  attention  of  his  own  parents  was  much  more  fortunate 
than  the  chila  vmo  was  the  victim  of  some  domestic  in- 
felicity. 

The  poet  does  not  omit  to  describe  some  of  the  out- 
rages against  children,  though  the  fact  that  most  of  them 
were  committed  in  war  is  sufficient  explanation  of  them. 
There  are  references  to  children  taken  aa  hostages,'^  to 

1. -Hercules  Furens,  v.  4C-43;  S18-230;  333-339;  663-664. 

3.-Flectra,  v.  14-17;  393-295;  4C9-416;  483-484. 

3 .  -Andromache,  v.  463-465. 

4.  -Ion,  V.  1034-1025. 

5.  -Ion,  V.  1336. 

6. -Troades,  v.  1C9C-10S5. 

Rhesus,  V.  431-432. 


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the  cruel  uestructicn  ana  loss  of  children,  to  the  chil- 
dren v^hose  war-thirsty  fathers  made  them  oblivious  to  aom- 
estic  responsibilities,'^  to  children's  terror  of  war,  ^ to 
fugitives  with  their  children."^  The  lives  of  children 
were  endangered  also  on  occasions  of  religious  rites,  such 
as  sacrifices'^  and  the  fana.tical  jubilations  of  the  Bac- 
chae.°  The  guilt  of  Agam.emnon  seems  to  have  been  unpar- 
donable in  the  poet's  eyes,  for  Clytaemnestra  says,  "Thou 
didst  wed  me  unwilling,  and  obtained  me  by  force,  having 
slain  Tantalus  my  former  husband  and  having  dashed  my  in- 
fant living,  to  the  ground,  having  torn  him  by  force  fr-m 

7 

my  breast."  .However,  in  judging  this  incident,  it  nust 
be  Temembexed  that  the  plot  of  the  story  is  based  upon  a 
myth  which  , as  in  his  other  plays,  Euripides  aoes  not 
change,  possibly  because,  as  has  been  suggested,  he 
wished  to  set  forth  the  weakness  as  well  as  the  strength 
of  hum;?m  nature. 

One  of  Euripides'  most  striking  and  truthful  obser- 
vations is  the  paradox  regarding  the  pleasure  and  pain 

involved  in  rearing  farriilies.  There  are  several  refer- 
0 

ences  to  this  point,  but  Andromache  sum;s  up  the  matter: 

1 .-Andromache,  v,  6-9;  1C32-1C35. 

3.-Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  794-798. 

3. -Troades,  v.  537-542. 

4 .  -Andromache,  V.75C-754. 

5.  -Ion,  V.  281-3S2. 

3.-Bacchae,  v.  755. 

7. -Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  v.  1150-1153. 

8.  -Orestes,  v.  541-542. 

Alcestis,  V.  877-882. 
lieaea,  v.  1090-1107. 

I^higenia  in  Aulis,  v.  356-659. 


fH  CO.  fO 


"Truly  to  all  menkina  their  children  is  their  life; 


but 


whoever  is  unexperienced  ( irijchildren)  and  ulaT'es  rr.e  (for 
this  sentiirent)  .feels  less  pain,  indeed,  but  happy  is 
t ho  ugh  hapless."^ 

Euripides  also  proauces  the  same  impression  already 
gained  from  his  predecessors, /as  that/ with  regard  to  the 
respective  fortune  or  misfortune  of  those  who  had  or  did 
not  have  children.  Childlessness  seems  to  have  been  re- 
garded as  a sign  of  aivine  displeasure,  for  I find,  "V.q- 
^ea:  'Ey  the  Cods,  tell  me,  dost  thou  live  this  life  nith- 

ertc  childless?  Aegeus:  Childless  I a.m,  by  the  disposal 

1 2 

of  some  deity."  There  are  passages  which  refer  to  chila- 
lessness  in  a general  way,  and  several  which  seem,  to  eni- 
phasize  the  regret  and  disappointment  with  which  this  af- 
fliction was  endured."*  Naturally  the  disfavor  of  the  gods 
was  thought  to  be  disastrous,  as  in  the  lines,  "^’'Jhat  cal- 
amity, then,  can  befall  a woman,  save  in  respect  to  her 
nuptial  bed,  children  not  being  yet  born?"^  It  a,ppears 


.-Andromache,  v.  417-42C. 

t-iledea,  v.  G6S-67C.  , 

.-Troades,  v.  380-381. 

Andrcm.-dche,  v.  709-712;  31-32;  357;-  707. 

Alcestis,  V.  617-620;  651-654;  735-736. 

Suppliants,  v.  960. 

. Helen,  v. 694. . 

.-Ion,  V.81S;  837-839;  865-868;  946;  1310-1312;  1375; 
1462;  658-657. 

Rhesus,  V.  906;  981. 

Phoenician  Vergius,  v.  11. 

Xphigenia  in  Temuris,  v.  211. 

Hercules  Furens,  v.  885., 

4.  -We Cuba,  v.  820-821. 

Ion,  V.  790-791;  603-60S;  612-614. 

5. -Andrcmeche, V.  9C5-S08. 


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that  the  rerriedy  for  the  ir;alady  vvae^to  be  in  the  goas  them- 
selves.^ It  is  certain  too,  th?t  the  childless  husbana 
did  not  have  the  sairie  resxjcnsibili ty  so  far  as  conjugal 
fidelity  went  as  the  father  of  a family,  for  Meaea  says 
to  Jason,  "for  if  thou  vvert  still  childless,  it  would  be 
;ardonable  in  thee  to  be  enamoured  of  this  alliance."*^ 

But  such  a liberty  did  not  affect  the  desire  for  children, 
because  the  fortune  of  those  who  possess  chilaren  is  aes- 
cribsd  in  one  of  the  finest  passages  I have  found  for  this 
discussion.  "For  it  conveys  surpassing  happiness  to  mor- 
tals, an  undisturbed  resource  (to  these)  for  whom  proli- 
fic youths  shine  flourishing  in  paternal  chambers,  as  be- 
ing about  to  possess  wealth  in  succession  from;  their  sires 
to  other  children;  for  'tis  a strength  in  troubles,  ana 
pleasant  good  fortune,  and  in  war  bears  help  to  the  coun- 
try. To  me,  indeed,  may  the  nurturing  care  of  gooa  chil- 
dren be  before  wealth  end  the  nuptials  of  kings;  but  a 
childless  life  I abhor,  8.nd  I blame  him  who  c^pproves  it. 
But  with  moderate  possessions,  may  I possess  a life  with 
good  offspring."^  That  chilaren  were  censiaerrea  as 

wealth  , glory,  strong  sup  orts^,  dear  possessions,  be- 

8 

stowed  upon  mortals  by  the  favor  of  the  gods,  and  desir- 

1. -Medea,  v.  713-717. 

Ion,  V.  33-85;  3C8-313;  733-764. 

3. -Ion,  V.  463-473. 

^.-Hercules  Furens,  v.  64-63. 

^■.-Iphigenia  in  ^ulis,  v.  1398-140C. 

6.-Iphigenia  in  Tauris,  v.  55-56. 

^.-Iphigenia  in  Tauris,  v.  1068-1072. 

The  Heraclidae,  v.  581-593. 

$.-Ion,  V.  404-406;  408-409;  423-425. 

2 


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*ov;  t Bdf  * u^to«  abqt^  x^o/hi^ 


.rXT-SX"?  .V  * 

.;  T-#;bV  ,.»:r5-S")S  .r  ^Ciou  -^. 

.T  »floI;-.C 

*V  ^si  5X1/?'  «9XIrt>*X9H-.2^ 

.V  at 

. »8X*i  J4  .*'  dl 

.c.  .V  ^A^tua.'i'  oi  ;^idc»gZrfqT-. 

.\  - *t«4:.tXo8i9H  ftii?  ^ t 

- --34i-  iso^-^w  ;»  ,o6i-.?  ’ 

.?t4‘-*»4*nr,Aii3JiT^t  ' 


*4  r 


*■'  i"i  - 


able  also  for  dynastic  reasons^,  is  abundantly  eviaent. 

There  remain^  the  references  to  chilaren  as  they  are 
involved  in  the  various  plots  of  the  tragedies.  These 
passages  are  significant  because  they  reflect  I?uripides' 
reaction  to  the  customs  and  attitude  of  Greeks  who  lived 
in  the  early  period  from  which  the  traditional  myths  come. 
The  story  set  forth  in  the  Orestes  and  the  Electra  pre- 
sents the  problem;  of  divided  loyalty  on  the  part  of  the 
chilaren,  who  treated  by  this  poet,  are  revengeful  against 
their  mother  to  a degree  which  the  later  Greeks  clearly 
did  not  approve.  Because  of  his  great  affection  for  his 
children,  Jason  seems  to  have  been  punished  far  m;ore  se- 
verely by  the  death  of  his  children  than  by  the  loss  of 
his  own  life.  It  is  true  that  Fheres  was  not  willing  to 
give  his  life  for  Adm:etus,  but  the  fact  that  the  son  was 
a full-grown  man  and  not  a helpless  child,  and  also  that 

4 

Pheres  was  under  no  moral  or  legal  obligation  to  m.ake  the 
sacrifice,  justifies  the  old  man  in  sornie  measure.  However, 
responsibility  in  such  a situation  would  depend  upon  cir- 
cum.st Einces,  for  even  to-day  the  m;ost  altruistic  parent  would 
be  apt  to  hesitate  before  accepting  it.  Desire  for  revenge 

1. -Iphigenia  in  Taurie,^  v.  694-698. 

2.  -Orestes,  .v.  565-571. 

3.4Aedea,  v.  57,2-575;  13C9-1414. 

4. — Alcestis,  V.  682—683., 

5.  -The  Heraclidae,  v.  163-166;  465-470;  997-1C02. 


V : - .<#  M » - 


-■  ••  ^ 


i 


S II-  . .0**-;.^  o.'..  ..  ^ . .'■> 

• \ ,r.  

•s.’  'ir^Jvi  . :'j- : .oy/:*}’  -;  i\  f> 


3 * 


tJiV 


-,*a*  '7*  a..  ■ £'■  oi 


: r 


r . 


>L 


V*>.;  i.'J: 


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• I • V C - . . " - - • r.: 

» 

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\n  *.-c  l‘c  ,e>o  :t*iC5fife 

V.  ■ > *.  ■ ,'^  ' - t 

':  ^ ? '■icv.e  i . \ 

. : :.  ■ . . . .. . 


!ici:w  :eci"”V'' 

tib 


• ■ ?.  :JO’ 

.■♦‘'jr.  ecI 


> , 5 . : i d ,i. ^ ; a :•; . »:  : 

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3 


in  the  Heraclidae  was  prompted  not  so  much  by  thirst  for 
innocent  blood  as  by  loyalty  to  the  old  patriarchal  fam- 


F 


88 


ily,  which  amounted  to  a restricted  variety  of  patriot- 
ism. The  Iphigenia  incident  has  been  changed  in  part  by 
Euripides  from  the  tale  of  a mere-  cruel  sacrifice  made 
by  a relentless  father  to  the  representation  of  the  Greek 
conception  of  the  greatest  offering  a human  being  could 
make.  The  frequency^ with  which  Euripides  harks  back  to 
the  theme  of  the  murder  of  Hercules'  sons  to  prevent  re- 
venge  for  their  father's  death,  clearly  indiCvates  that  he 
did  not  justify  the  action  on  the  grounds  of  the.  kind  of 
patriarchal  patriotism,  but  that  the  atrocity  of  the  crime 
deserved  the  indignation  which  reiteration  ana  publicity 
could  give  it.  Throughout  the  play  the  poet  elicits  the 
reriaer's  sympathy  with  Ion,  so  that  it  is  plain  that  he 
was  inaignant  about  Creusa's  plot,  but  it  is  not  hard  to 
imagine  how  a childless  woman  living  in  an  early  period 
of  Greek  civilization  might  be  tempted  to  make  such  an  at- 
tempt against  the  supposedly  illegitimate  son  of  her  hus- 
band. The  references  to  this  plot,  therefore,  are  valu- 
able because  they  imply  disgust  and  im.patience  of  Euripides 
for  the  uncontrolled  and  barbarous  display  of  angry  passion 
which  was  made  in  the  earlier  days.  Likewise  in  -Anarom.ache 
the  poet  creates  the  impression  that  the  plot  to  kill  As- 

1. -Hercules  Furens,  v.  3C3;  436;  44S-456;  530;  545;  593; 

' 704;  732-723;  830-840;  914-921;  973-993;  1010-1011;  1029- 
1030;  1059-1061;  1129;  1327,  1232;  1289;  1359;  1366;  1379. 


i.”  ' r-u*!;:'  e-v» 

. •/  s."  ! 

: ' *x  h -'-r  rl  t?/  *ai^o*n 


JU 


i " v^L I 


« • i k 

' •-  r'A 


rit.*  to  r *'  ' 


v^rj 


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■ :r  # :i  * r 


■'  i ■' ' * -«  i J - . 3 J f 


/ .■* . ;i  JL. 
•:  5 


X'J.  I 


^ k<M 


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, r 

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i • il 


r\  • • 


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^-  * “?  1..^ 

vi  . . 


r » { ^-.ui  yiii:giaU 

* * ■ 1 v^o  /-aiD  • *“0 

'■  . , . -‘  .TSrf 

aid  jJ  r. ' d.’j*\';i.m  ' i 
ii  isii 

••’  ..s*  •• 


■ 2^njac 


lOl 


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83 


tyanax  is  regaraed  also  as  an  inexcusable  crir^e,  and  is 
shown  to  have  been  pron'ipted  by  Hermione's  jealousy  of 
Andromache  because  of  the  former's  chilalessness . It 
seems  that  Hermione’s  intention  was  to  bear  children  not 
because  she  desired  and  loved  them,  but  merely  because 
she  feared  to  alienate  her  husband's  affections  and  perhaps 
to  foil  her  dyna,stic  aii.ciiiion  ii  sue  remaineu  without  them. 
The  problem,  then,  becom.es  one  of  jealousy  ana  amibiticn  but 
it  is  clear  that  Euripides  did  not  consiaer  tnat  the  ena 
justified  the  m.eans. 

One  further  indication  of  the  em^phasis  which  Euripides 

placed  upon  children  is  shown  in  the  fact  tuat  going  one 

step  further  than  Scphocles,  ttfio  has  a boy  mnte  in  the  An- 

tigcne,  Oedipus  the  King  , ana  the  Aids'",  this  poet  has  a 

mute  in  Troades  , while  in  the  Meaea"^  each  child  speaks  a 

line  or  two  and  then  the  twc  in  uni  son, off  the  stage  to  be 

sure,  but  audible  to  the  audience.  More  notable  still,  is 
o 

the  appearance  of  the  children  in  the  Alcestis  ana  the 
lines  spoken  by  Eumielus  over  the  body  of  his  mother.  The 
words  from,  his  lips  are  not  those  which  a child  would  be 

] .-Antigone,  v.  988. 

2.  -Oedipus  the  King,  v.  444. 

3. -Aias,  V.  545-635;  706-81*1;  9o6- . 

4.  -Troades,  v.  ?73-7?8. 

5.  -Medea,  v.  126J-  1288;  1269;  1274/— 1275. 

6.  -Alcestis,  v.  243. 

7.  -Alcestis,  v.  4C2-4C7;  410-415. 


Mtvrytte.- 


V.-  ----,lu..-.‘-.^^- 


if  ■•%**■ -^iJ 


liL  1 


-7'9t‘  ■ fV 


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k’  I 9d'0.  •‘ti«im> 

\ •<.- . ;, 

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-rr  :ib  rtii  XI  o1  Jj 


'>  .<  »al 

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O. 


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fA 


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9iiy  &:\:l 

:l 

• ^ « V —Li  ^ T .V  , M *>  £ "‘  , 

'^.rV^'  •' 

. . V ^ hi  C ^ •i'D 

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IF 


84 


likely  to  utter  on  such  an  occasion,  but  they  are  consistent 
v;ith  the  rer^resentat ion  of  chilaren  in  art  as  early  as  the 
fifth  century,  wnen  they  ai.year  ao  fu-ly  aevelcpe^  cut  r in- 
iature  aaults.  A striking  example  of  the  realism,  with 
which  a child  is  likely  to  speak  of  the  death  of  a relative 
is  found  in  the  lines,  ”0  beloved  mouth,  the,t  used  to  ut- 
ter m.any  a boast,  thou  hast  perished;  thou  hast  deceived  me, 
since,  clinging  fast  to  my  garm.ents,  thou  wouldst  say, 

'0  mother,  truly  will  I cut  off  many  locks  of  my  hair  for 
thee,  a.nd  to  thy  tcm*b  will  lead  my  compe'-^rs,  presenting  a 
friendly  address  (to  thy  name).’  " In  Hercules  Purens  , 
the  m.essenger  reports  the  exact  words  of  the  boy.  The  fact 
that  children  were  allowed  to  appear  on  the  sta.ge,  and  even 

H * 

were  given  a few  lines  in  the  plays,  is  not  only  a distinct 
innovation  but  an  indication  of  their  rising  importance. 

In  conclusion,  it  ar pears  that  Furipides  not  only  holds 
the  sam;e  attitude  toward  children  as  his  predecessors,  but 
he  deserves  to  be  ca.lled  the  literary  chamipion  of  the  chil- 
dren cf  Greek  a.ntiquity,  because  at  all  times  he  displays 
interest,  insight,  and  sympathy  such  as  we  have  found  in 
Homer  ana  he  outstrips  even  Aeschylus  in  the  number  of  his 
references.^  Of  course  his  subject  m;atter  permiits  many  ref- 


1. -Troades,  v.  1179-1184. 

2.  -Hercules  Furens,  v.  988-99C. 

3.  -Total  numiber  lines  in  .Aeschylus,  8099;  numiber  of  refer- 

ences 33.  Total  number  lines  in  Furipia.es,  24,  538;  num.- 
ber  of  references  e '■elusive  of  those  connected  with  the 
plots,  3C2 . The  references  in  Furipides  exceed  those  in 
Aeschylus  by  tne  multiple  l.Of*.  For  rela^tive  quantity  of 
references  in  Aeschylus  com.pared  with  iromer,  see  Ch.  VI. 


tf. 


- i 


I?  ^ t J % i ^ V ^ 

':n  "ij 


nl 


V 


i .iw 


rvl  *-*.1 


< ' i.  3*' 

' \ •-  T 


tZi 


I / 


^ . li 


- ^ 


?il 

• vf . 


; i'r 


• - 

;•.  : li^n  ..'I 


85 


erences  to  farr.ily  life  but  the  plots  do  not  always  neces- 
sitate the  introduction  of  children,  and  at  the  Scjr.e  time 
his  general  frame  of  mind  may  be  aeciucea  to  some  extent 
from:  the  terms  which  he  selected  for  portrayal.  Pernaps 
Croiset  when  he  says,  "Less  and  less  respect  was  paid  to 

loyalty,  the  bond:s  of  frienasnip.  or  family  aij.ection" 

refers  to  the  early  Greeks  whose  lives  and  character  are 
portrayed  in  the  legends  which  Euripides  uses  a.s  the  bases 
of  his  tragedies,  but  in  no  instance  have  I found  that  the 
poet  symipathized  with  the  suffering  which  the  children  in 
these  myths  had  to  endure.  The  poet's  interest  in  these 
myths  seems  to  have  been  involved  in  the  study  of  the  emi- 
otional  qualities  of  his  characters,  and  in  cases  where  tne 
frailities  of  irorteds  caused  pain  for  little  children,  he 
is  always  and  unm.istakably  their  defender  and  champdon. 


^ i&l''’lt£c  'cilrn;;:!  . o«4t^ 


*-•. ^ -,.T  y%.  ,.A:nt;i<iJ  l4i “ftgtfc.-otfiipa'^rTi  ?,*4  ij-‘-.^ili’’'' 


• v^a  ^.5o^j»bx-  -»•:  x-  wi./.ti  *ai&%'^,  eiu' 


■jj^^  ^ . . • ’ • ■ 

' ^ • V-  iriP  . r-^Bt  ii-SJDftr-ttfl  -»£l*  .40X1  j'' 


f > 


^0*' :^x  ‘**^^‘*  j^«ioxo 

**r'. j.: 06 . 1^  -o 


‘X^3  0,»l..,.\.  r'l|fX,||  9f:  ii,  VXXJB  . .^  ,6tfil6l  * 


T»  ' 


f 4:’  :i,;; 


i ;tx.*l  ioX^W  »a/  «1  I5dv43^70q 


■ * • 

o**"  ^njj'9»  1 »^"4i.ii*’ 


'>•.11 


3fi  ili'  ,t>*i*059.  i®  jSSJS 


tfd  ♦.  *2w4.1iJ0  64^^  t.0*.  : > ^ •JL.f  dj'iw  5.»i.  Xd5  4 5,i5' » ^56C{ 

' ' ' -■  ‘ ' V-'  . y 

^ ' V - ^ 

■!•  ffl{.  Id  X- ‘ '•?  r^  vPVlvTTiX  ri44  #vi  .-  or  ^ :,05«  »tfdt=*"^' 

»*i^.i  tXBa  -t;  oni  j:ar  ,«i«*gfcX4'  xi-''  1,0  • ' ^ 

<nox.ii:4o  loX  «Ti  - i>^M»«0  to  ftO/d-iXliiil 

■ . ..  ■ ”i  ' , 


X r«'44o  Alii  .T^acBisc;  T»feV  Y;'.jj3U*^i,-KUJ-  l/u  Bvatir^v  nr 


IF 


86 


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» ■ <■ 


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"r1 

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■ 

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